Environmental Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Environmental Accounting - Essay Example The primary purpose of a traditional financial statement is to provide information solely on the matters which have a material financial impact on the company. As a result, the financial accountants and financial auditors pay attention to environmental issues (typically legal or regulatory) only in cases when the latter, for example, prevent the sale of goods in stock, will make products obsolete, will require major capital expenditure to meet consent levels and so forth (Owen 2004). Such situation seriously complicates the intensively debated problem of incorporating environmental data into financial statements of UK companies. This debate clearly suggests that the published financial statements of UK companies as they are at present may not provide an adequate means of assessing the success of the companies' activities. Increasing globalization of business environment, coupled with growing concern over environmental issues has drawn serious attention to changing the traditional accounting standards to incorporate social and environmental impact of companies' operations. Harmonization of accounting standards to allow the transportability of accounting information and smoother operation of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) has become the primary focal points of the new developments in accounting practice (Gray 2004). This paper represents an attempt to analyze the concept of environmental accounting, its relationship with the basic concepts of traditional accounting and its application to the modern business framework. The range of problems associated with effective incorporation of environmental accounting principles in practice will also be identified. Although the paper relies extensively on review and analysis of the research literature instead of primary data provided by the UK, US and other companies it barely undermines its credibility. Firstly, only highly credited scholarly sources and authors are included in the review. Secondly, the existing research provides valuable hints on such aspects of environmental accounting which might have remained unnoticed for a relatively inexperienced in this field person. The below discussion is divided into several subsections to 2. Environmental Reporting Defined The environmental Working Party of the European Federation of Accountants defines the objective of environmental reporting as follows: the provisions of information about the environmental impact and performance of an entity that is useful to relevant stakeholders in assessing their relationship with the reporting entity (Dixon, Mousa and Woodhead 2004). In other words, the aim of environmental accounting is to identify use of environmental resources and all measures taken in this area and to communicate costs of an organization's actual or potential impact on the environment. These costs include the expenditures to clean up or remediate sites contaminated as a result of an organizatio

Stakeholder Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stakeholder Analysis Paper - Essay Example A typical issue that requires stakeholder analysis is delays in dispatch of purchases to their respective buyers. Inefficiencies leading to delays clearance and sending of consignments to their respective destinations cause congestion in the warehouses as well as confusion and possible misplacement of orders in the office. It is for this reason that a stakeholder analysis is crucial. To start with, identification of the various groups involved and their involvement in the whole problem is a crucial starting point. In this case, the dispatch manager, the warehouse administrator and his team, and the cognisee are the three entities whose actions and in action are responsible for the problem. The client, regulatory agencies, and tax officials are other stakeholders whose actions have a profound impact in this case. All these stakeholders have varied interest in the process, which determines the urgency with which they facilitate the process. The dispatch manger is responsible for cleari ng the purchases to enable the warehouse staff to process release of the goods to the cognisee. Failure or delays in executions of this important task will definitely lead to delays in dispatch. The warehouse administrator and his team have the duty of releasing the supplies in the quantities and manner listed in the dispatch order. In case of delays or improper communication from the dispatch team, confusion may set in and derail the entire process. Once the goods have been packaged and ready for release from the warehouse, the consignee has a duty of picking them up at an agreed time. If there are delays from the consignee, then the supplies will end up congesting the warehouse. The client on the other hand may delay in clearing all the necessary paperwork and financial requirements before release of goods. The tax regimes and regulatory authorities may also have impositions on certain goods, which may delay the entire process. As a manger, each of these stakeholders is a target f or review in order to ascertain the cause of delays. Could be laxity and incompetence on the part of the dispatch team, the warehouse or the consignee is responsible for this delays. System limitations, low motivation of employees, lack of proper communication and bureaucratic process may be the cause of all these delays. Finding all the issues that they deal with in processing the release of supplies is the first step in resolving the whole issue. On the other end, delays from the customer and regulating entities may be responsible for the problem. The final step after finding out the different pertinent issues that could be causing the problem is to look into ways of fixing the problem. The most important aspect is to ensure support and cooperation of all stakeholders in finding a solution. Each of the stakeholders will require different approach in order open up a discussion on the issue. Blame games and authoritative enquiry will only kill the process and lead to no tangible inf ormation. The planning process will involve all stakeholders, who should contribute ideas and possible solutions to the challenges. At the end, the manager will record all the issues that create opportunities and obstacles for stakeholder involvement, and use the information to resolve the issue. In conclusion, stakeholder analysis is a very useful tool that enables managers and institutions identify and effectively resolve issues in their workplaces. Through this process, stakeholders are able to participate in

Critique Of Living With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Nursing Essay

Critique Of Living With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Nursing Essay This assignment will be appraising a study by Fraser, D.Kee, C and Minick, P (2006) à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insidersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ perspectiveà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ , The aim of the study was to gain a better understanding of older people who suffer from severe COPD and their experiences of living with the condition in their daily lives, including techniques used to manage their disease. This knowledge could then be used along with nursing knowledge to aid patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease so they can achieve their maximum quality of life (Fraser et al2006). The appraisal will also include the researcherà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s suitability for carrying out research for the study, the validity, methodology, ethical approval, data collection and analysis as well as sampling methods; it will touch upon what nursing implementations can be taken from the authorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢ „ ¢s findings. Although not much is mentioned in the article to ascertain the suitability of the authors to carry out the study there is one small paragraph in the article at the bottom of the introduction which states the lead author (Fraser, D) had hospital experience in pulmonary nursing which then motivated her into getting a better understanding of the disease from the patients point of view, this form of clinical experience and dedication gives the author some insight into this disease which will contribute to the study (Parahoo 1997 p, 24) upon further investigation one of the other authors has various research interests including Nursing expertise and patient outcomes, Pain management, Phenomenology, Critical care nursing with several national and internationally published papers(Minick 2008), this form of academic achievement improves the rigor of this paper through its trustworthiness and its credibility. According to Parahoo (1997) abstracts are short summaries of information from the study aimed at giving readers enough details of the article so that they may decide whether the article is of interest to them or not. The Fraser article is set out in a similar way to how Parahoo (1997) describes, such as it briefly states the aim of the study, its background, the methodology used in the study, the studyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s findings and its conclusion, however it does not state what form of sampling was used in the study such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling or snowball sampling, there was also no mention of the type of data analysis that was used during the study as well as no mention of whether the interviews where structured or unstructured (Newell and Burnard 2006). This article is laid out in an organised manner with clear sections which make it easy to follow, these include what the aim of the study are, ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s design, how data was collected and analysed, its findings, discussion, study limitations and its conclusion. However there is no section on what recommendations can be made from this study although it is mentioned in the conclusion section. According to Fraser et al hermeneutic phenomenological research was used for the qualitative study due to the way it allowed the researcher to ask the subject a host of open à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ended questions that are focused around the aim of the research study, this unstructured interview technique allows the subject to answer in their own words, this also allows the researcher to ask questions for elaboration on specific areas of the story so that they may get a better understanding of their experience, this in turn can allow intriguing and vivid insight into the patients care and their experiences (Newell and Burnard 2006). However Qualitative research does have its limitations such as the interviews themselves, Parahoo (1997) states that not enough information is given on what actually takes place between interviewer and the subject, this makes evaluating difficult. Secondly as the interviews were semi-structured the subjects may not be asked the same questions which may make yo u question the validity of the findings. Hermeneutic phenomenological research may be problematic when it comes to the rigor of the study itself for example this study may produce different results if the study was conducted on a different day or at a different time due to the subjects experiences being affected due to illness, moods or some other factor that could change (Parahoo 1997). Fraser et al (2006) states Participants were contacted by telephone where a brief explanation about the purpose of the study was given, the article also states that consent was given prior to the interview and that they were interviewed either at the participantà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s home or at the hospitals pulmonary rehabilitation centre. However it does not mention whether it was informed consent that was given and it also makes no mention if the study was clearly explained and understood by the participant (Ryan et al 2007). There is also no mention of the duration of the interviews for example were they carried out over two hours in one day or over several interviews throughout 2003 (Parahoo 1997). Analysing qualitative data can be done in several ways and it is essential that the correct process is used to determine the credibility of their findings (Ryan et al 2007). The seven steps outlined in Colaizzià ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s (1978) method allows the researcher to develop themes in the transcriptions by extracting specific phrases and statements, this can only be done by carefully reading the transcripts to get a better understanding of the subjects. Although this method allows the researcher to validate and verify the themes and conclusions with the subjects, this can cause problems with some researchers due to subjects changing their minds. This can happen for a number of reasons such as having time to think about the interview or looking at the question from a different perspective (Newell and Burnard 2006). The reason for literature reviews is to determine what has already been published or researched on a given subject area, Caughlan (2007) states that literatures reviews are used to develop the research question which should help identify the correct method to use for data collection. This review would also identify any gaps in the literature that might be filled using the current research topic. Parahoo (1997, p96) also agrees that although a literature review helps those primarily doing the research it also gives the reader an insights into what research has been done previously and why the current study is necessary. Despite the Fraser et al article focusing solely on elderly people with severe COPD defined by the GOLD (2003) revision the author does believe that their study will contribute to the research of COPD and seems to agree with the other authorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s findings. There are some issues that appear in the article in relation to ethical approval such as there is no mention of informed consent being sought from the participants additionally the author has not stated whether the research process was explained to them clearly. This should have been clearly stated in the article (Griffiths, 2006), however Fraser et al does point out that ethical approval was obtained from the sponsoring University and the hospital institutional review boards. A purposive sample of participants was taken aged 55 or older who were living at home, English speaking and willing to speak about their experiences with COPD (Fraser et al 2003). This sample consisted of five men and five women eight of which were Caucasian and two were African American and met the GOLD (2003) revision. This form of sampling can aid the researcher to hand pick his subjects based on his/her criteria. Sampling of this nature is often small as the researcher is not trying to generalise their findings this ensures richness in data for the study (Ryan 2007). Fraser (2006) states that the aim of the study was to explore the experiences of older adults with severe COPD to get a better understanding of how this disease effects their lives, this form of sampling may not be representative of the population due to possible subjectivity of the researcher (Black 1999). The research findings were broken down into three themes knowing what works, hanging on à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦barely and losing control-gaining control. Letà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s look at knowing what works as an example to what type of information this method of research uncovers, the participants talk about the various ways they control and manage dyspnoea such as the use of inhalers or nebulizers, oxygen therapy and breathing exercises. They also talk about what doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t work such as friends and family hovering around and telling them what to do. The author recognised the study limitations that are common with most qualitative studies these include size of sample the limited geography of the sample and the criteria inclusion for the study. The author also accepts the fact that the participants may be better educated in their illness and thus have a better management of their illness due to their involvement in the relevant programs from which they were part of. More information could have been obtained in this study using a quantitative and qualitative approach known as Mixed Method triangulation (Maclnnes 2009). This form of study would give the researcher the statistical information as well as the in-depth richness which in turn would produce more insightful findings into the study (Maclnnes 2009). More research needs to be carried out to get a more accurate account of patients experiences of living with COPD, this study would need to include a larger sample from a wider geographical area so that it may be more representative of the population in question. Due to the scale of such a study, Mixed Method triangulation (Maclnnes 2009) may be better suited. There are several aspects of this article that could have implications for nursing practice such as COPD affects everyone in different ways and no two days are the same. Nursing staff must take this into consideration when treating the patient as the patient has more experience with the illness than the nurse treating them and knows what does and doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t work. This is also stated in the NMC (2009) where à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"you must support people in caring for themselves to improve and maintain their healthà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  (NMC 2009). Another important point made in the article is addressing any interventions that may be implemented to help patients quality of life must have input from both patient and nurse. Fraser et al also states that you must acknowledge the changes and problems that are associated with COPD, this understanding will aid the rapport and communication between nurse and patient. The author also stated that general nursing care for all patients with this condition should include monitoring medication proper education on the use of that medication as well as breathing techniques, appropriate exercise and making sure patients have access to organisations that can help with financial aid, depression loneliness and other information that they may need.

Credit and Collection Corporation :: essays research papers

Case Study: Credit and Collection Corporation Credit and Collection Corporation (CCC) is looking to offer stocks to a group of private investors. CCC manages and collects accounts receivables for three different types of customers. CCC uses a local CPA firm to prepare and given an opinion on its financial statements. To improve the favorability of the equity offer CCC has determined it needs an opinion on its financial statements from one of the Big Six CPA firms. The first type of accounts receivable CCC purchases are delinquent accounts. CCC reviews a company’s delinquent accounts receivables, removes problem and bankrupt accounts from the list and then assumes collection responsibility for the collection for a management fee of 30 percent. The second type of accounts receivables are current and delinquent accounts receivable. CCC reviews a company’s accounts receivables then pays the company 95 percent of the value of the receivables selected. Any uncollectible accounts are exchanged with the company for new receivables or are purchased back from CCC by the company. The third type of account receivables are payments due to hospitals, clinics and doctors from third party payers. CCC reviews the accounts receivables to determine the amount that the third party payer will actually be paying. The provider is then paid 95 percent of the determined value and CCC collects from the third party payor. For each type of accounts receivab le CCC generates dun letters and does follow-up collection calls. The first Big Six CPA firm spend several days interviewing CCC personnel and studying the financial data. The CPA firm determined they has serious reservations about revenue recognition. The CPA firm stated CCC was in the collections business and should recognize revenue only after accounts had been collected. The firm based its findings on concept statement number 5. Concept statement number 5 states an item must meet the definition of a financial statement element, the item must have a relevant attribute measurable with sufficient reliability, the item must contain information capable of marking a difference in user decisions, and the information must be verifiable, representationally faithful and neutral. Therefore, revenue should be recognized when realizable and earned. The firm compared CCC’s business to â€Å"real estate accounting rules required the deferral of revenue from a real estate sale, so long as the seller had any continuing involvement with the development o f the property sold.†(Corporate, 99) The firm did not think CCC earned its revenue until after it had sent out the dun letters, made the follow up calls and collected on the account.

Nintendo Case Study

Case Analysis Part 1 Introduction Case 7 of the textbook titled Essentials of Strategic Management looked at the video game pioneer Nintendo. The title of the case is Nintendo's Strategy in 2009: The Ongoing Battle with Microsoft and Sony and was written by Lou Marino and Sally Sarrett. The case begins by describing how Nintendo faced serious competition from Sony and Microsoft in the video game market. As Sony had created the Playstation and Microsoft came out with the Xbox, Nintendo had taken a backseat in terms of new video game consoles.Through the years however, Nintendo had created many popular devices used for gaming such as the Nintendo 64 and numerous versions of the DS. As Nintendo prepared to release the Wii game system, many said that it lacked the graphics and user experience that their rivals had and it appeared as though it would be a market flop. To the surprise of many critics and competing companies, the Wii was a huge success setting records for total sales.Current ly Nintendo is seeing reduced demand and reduced sales due to the recession but they continue to release new features and games and analysts say that â€Å"the only limitations of the system were the limitations of the designer and the user-leading most to believer they considered the possibilities endless† ( ). Nintendo's Strategy In it's early years, Nintendo's strategy was to bring video game experience most commonly found in public venues such as the Donkey Kong arcade game into the users home.This differentiation strategy proved highly successful for Nintendo as they were the first to give the user an affordable gaming console with many different games available for the Nintendo Entertainment System or NES. This continued with the release of numerous versions of the Game Boy and Nintendo DS as users could take their games with them anywhere they went which was unheard of from rivals such as Sony and Microsoft at the time. As competition grew with Sony, Sega, and Microsof t, Nintendo's strategy seemed to move towards a cost strategy. They began creating onsoles such as the GameCube to compete with disk operated consoles by their competitors but at a cheaper price. This move turned out to be unsuccessful for a number of reasons, the main one being their lack of graphic capabilities. From here Nintendo began differentiating themselves again. Nintendo set out to design a console that would revolutionize the way people played games and the Wii was born. People that had never played video games before such as women and the elderly could now find games suited for them that were easy to understand and fun to play.Users could play games that got them up and moving to promote a healthier lifestyle as well as interact with others. For Nintendo to be successful in the future, this differentiation strategy appears to be the best route to follow. Strategic Leadership The strategic leadership surrounding the Nintendo organization appears to be ahead of their time in some aspects. Although they are not coming out with consoles directly aimed at competing with that of Sony and Microsoft, they are however releasing cutting edge technologies into their products.From the dual screen on the DS which allows users to sync up with others to play head to head to the Wii with a Bluetooth activated controller, Nintendo is constantly changing the video game industry. The marketers at Nintendo understood that â€Å"too many powerful consoles can't coexist† because they would eventually lead to their own collapse ( 375 ). By creating something completely new for users that rivals aren't reaching, Nintendo was able to gain control of a relatively untouched market segment. Nintendo is known for its differentiation from the normal gaming systems and this attracts a completely different crowd than Sony and Microsoft.Stakeholders in the Nintendo company know this and this is what ultimately attracts them to their organization just as the stakeholders for Sony or Microsoft are attracted to the strategies of competing to be the best in terms of graphics and realistic gaming experience. If Nintendo was to change and try to compete on the same levels as Sony and Microsoft, they would more than likely lose many of their investors because this differentiation is what keeps Nintendo ranking among the top gaming companies.

Hlten515B Implement and Monitor Care for Older Clients: Dementia

HLTEN515B implement and monitor care for older clients Written assignment 1 There are many different forms of dementia and each has its own cause. Some of the main type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common form of dementia affecting 50%-70% of dementia patients (Alzheimer's australia, 2005). This is a degenerative illness which attacks the brain, this is achieved buy tangles which are in the middle of shrunken brain cells and plaques which eventually cause the brain cells to die meaning information can no longer be recalled or assimilated.There are also other types of dementia which include vascular dementia which is caused by circulation of the blood to the brain, Parkinson’s disease which is a disorder of the nervous system, Lewy-bodies dementia which is caused by the degeneration and death of the nerve cells in the brain and Huntington disease which is an inherited brain disease effecting body and mind. There are many support services out ther e to aid in dementia, although many people may be unaware of these services. There is also a significant impact on family and others.The early signs of dementia are subtle and vague and may not be obvious. These may include progressive and frequent memory loss, confusion, personality change, apathy and withdrawal, loss of ability to perform ADL’s, not being able to learn new information or follow direction and irrational behaviours (Dementia – diagnosis and early signs). Sometimes people do not recognise symptoms of dementia. They often assume that these indicators or behaviours are a normal part of the ageing process.There are many associated health problems when dealing with patients with dementia these may include constipation, changes in vision, changes in hearing, Infection due to a person's health which can deteriorate very quickly due to a chest or urinary tract infection (UTI), dental problems, foot problems that are commonly associated with diabetes, elderly p eople with diabetes don’t always take all measures when dealing with adls, pain and poor nutrition. The uses of communication strategies are extremely important when dealing with a patient with dementia.These strategies may help with relieving distress, agitation and challenging behaviours. Strategies when dealing with dementia patients may include, â€Å"introduce yourself at each encounter, use touch as appropriate, try to determine the cause of the behaviour and then try to reduce or eliminate it. These behaviours may be caused by boredom, which you would try and use activities as a distraction, Pain which we3 will try non-pharmacological treatment first e. g. : heat packs, Anxiety where we will use reassurance and diversion.Often using a soft approach such as smiling, pleasant voice tones while talking calmly in short sentences will help defuse a situation. There are many community services out there to aid dementia patients these may include community nursing, meals on wheels, homecare, home modification, Alzheimer’s Australia, commonwealth centerlink centres, carers association, counselling, ACAT and respite care. Dementia has a huge impact on not only the lives of them self’s but also the family and carer.Watching the person you love degenerate from a fully functioning person to some one that needs to be fully cared for. As a carer, you are likely to experience a range of different feelings. This is particularly difficult because as dementia gradually causes the person’s abilities and personality to change the nature of relationships will also change (better health). The carer and family may have feelings of guilt, as is quite common to feel guilty.Another main feeling a carer or family member may have is anger, which is natural to feel frustrated and angry. You may be angry at having to be the caregiver, angry with others who do not seem to be helping out, angry at the person with dementia for difficult behavior, and angry at support services. Bibliography 8 Health Problems Associated with Dementia. (n. d. ). Retrieved from aged carer : http://www. agedcarer. com. au/topic/aged-care-health-issues/8-health-problems-associated-with-dementia Alzheimer's australia. (2005). what is dementia.

Essay Sample on Social Criticism in Oliver Twist

Essay Sample on Social Criticism in Oliver Twist Free sample essay on Oliver Twist: Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist in 1849 with the zeal of a reformer in order to expose the ugliness of material of the Victorian Age. He was a ruthless critic of the Victorian Society. A note of social satire runs through almost all his novels. Pickwick Papers was hilarious comedy still it exposed the corruption rampant in the election system and the general law, moral climate of the society. But with Oliver Twist Dickens almost emerged as a crusader against the social evils of his times. In Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, Bleak House, Hard Times and Little Dorrit, he flayed (highly criticized) the social institutions with devastating force. Edmund Wilson remarks that Dickens was of all the great Victorian writers probably most antagonist to the Victorian Age itself. Along with giving poetic shape to the better characteristics of English life, he also attacked the abuses in the society especially in the workhouse (poor and beggars dwelling), educational system, pawn-broken (shroff) shops, slums, delay in law offices, all the London Haunts of crime and pain. Dickens was the advocate of the downtrodden and the oppressed. He aroused the conscience of the public and he became the heart and conscience of England. He is the mast er of our sunniest smiles and our most unselfish tears, Lord Carlisle remarked. His age was an age of transition. The Industrial Revolution was rapid gaining power and England was changing from a country that was mainly agricultural to a country that was mainly industrial. Dickens criticizes the society in almost exclusively moral way. His criticism reminds us of the grave folds common more or less to all mankind. He was truly a Victorian and yet he is for all ages. In Oliver Twist, Dickens has presented the pathos of innocent childhood and protest against the abuses of powers, especially on the part of the governmental institution. He throws light on the workhouse system of those days in England. As the same time he has exposed the defects of the Poor Law of 1834 which aimed at abolishing begging and unemployment. The novel deals with the sad story of sorrows and struggles of an orphan boy and his ultimate union with well-deserved happiness. The first part of the novel presents the early childhood of Oliver in the workhouse and about his days of service as an apprentice. The later part of the novel deals with Olivers experience in London where he is caught in the net of a master criminal named Fagin. Dickens wants to show how crime is bred (brought up). The story describes how Oliver keeps his honesty and purity in the midst of sinful ways and how he finally finds the happy home amongst good and kind people. Through the story of Oliver, Dickens has exposed the corrupt class system prevalent in the 17th Century England. His zeal for social reform lag him to satirize the social institutions. The novel is an attack on the inhuman conditions of subsistence in the work houses, the idiocy of law and the unsatisfactory medical facilities. Dickens has also shown what it was meant to be a charity child. The indifference of the government and the people towards the welfare of children, specially orphans is epitomized in Olivers sufferings. The workhouse world is full of a bitter and pitiful comedy. The novelist attacks the demons of cruelty and callousness (kathortha). The workhouses were meant for helping the poor but in fact Oliver and other boys had to suffer slow starvation. The philosophers Managing the work house were very sage, deep, philosophical men. In their eyes the workhouse had become a regular place for public entertainment so they decided to set things right. They contacted with the waterworks to lay on unlimited supply of water and with a corn factory to supply small quantities of oatmeal and issued 3 meals of thin gruel (soup like) a day with an onion twice a week. The diet was given in such small quantity that the bowls never wanted washing. The boys polished them with their spoons till they shone (of shine) again. Olivers demand for more food was considered as a crime and as a punishment he was sent away to the undertakers (coffin seller) house. The sick and dying were not properly cared. This can be seen in the example of Olivers dying mother. The novel presents cruelty and meanness of Parish (jurisdiction) authorities. This can be seen in the portrayal of Mrs. Mann, Mr. Corney, Mr. Bumble, Mr. Mrs. sowerberry (undertaker) Mrs. Man, was incharge of Baby farm. Being a very great practical philosopher and a woman of wisdom and experience, she appropriated the greater part of the weekly stipend to her own use. The parish doctors were usually the cheapest and most inexperienced Doctors. This Parish authorities starved and ill treated poor under their care in order to make money for themselves. Mr. Mrs. Sowerberry ill treat Oliver so much that Oliver eventually runs away from their house. The death of the power is neglected. A poor woman dies of starvation and the clergymen comes after an hour, reads as much of the burial services as he can compress in 4 minutes and walks away. The unprotected, neglected, starved and beaten children were led to enter the world of crime. Fagin is the leader of a gang of young pickpockets who also deals in stolen goods. The young victims are The Dodger, Charle Bades, Tom Chitling and later Noah Claypole worked for him. All these boys are engaged in pick pocketing. Young boys of streets were trained by giving them tobacco and wine, and was making them think that the life of a criminal was something romantic. In the novel crime is shown to be ugly as well as miserable. Dickens has lighted up the dark places that his well-to-do readers did no exists or had not troubled to know. Social parasite like Fagin is the breader of the criminals he makes young thieves work for him and if they are caught, they suffer imprisonment and even death while he gets off scot-free. The description of the criminal activities of Fagin and his band is a realistic picture of the underworld of London of those days. People in general were addicted to smoking and drinking. In cities there were public houses which serves beer to the public and which were the breeding place of crimes and gathering places of criminals. We have the Three Cripples (hotel) as the specimen. Oliver had a drink at one such house while on hi sway to London from his native place. Sikes too had his food and drink at another house during the course of his flight. The residential quarters of the people of the lower strata of the society were shame for a government of the days. Those houses had practically no ventilations, they were dark and almost cell-like. The streets surrounding them were narrow, muddy and foul-smelling quiet favourable for outbreaks of epidemics. Fagins den illustrates this. There was a system of apprenticeship in trades. Boys were engaged as apprentices by traders. The workhouse authorities gave 5 pounds to Sowerberry for engaging Oliver as an apprentice. The traders used to treat the young apprentices m ost cruelly. We see Oliver running away from his master into the wide wicked world for the cruel treatment that he received at the Sowerberry household. Thus Oliver Twist serves as a mirror that shows the social condition of England of the early 19th century. In writing the novel Dickenss aim was not only to amuse the public but also to lightup the dark places that is well to do readers did not know exists or had not troubled to know. The life in London as revealed in this book opens the eyes of thousands born and bread in the same city. Dickens did not want that the one half of mankind should like in happy ignorance of how the other half dies.

Free Essays on African Americans In The Media

â€Å"African American Portrayals in the Entertainment Media† The entertainment media as we know it started in 1891 when The Edison Company successfully demonstrated the Kinetoscope. The first film to tell a complete story was Georges Milieus’ â€Å"A Trip to the Moon†. Soon there were many motion pictures. It wasn’t until 1941 that television came to America and along with motion pictures formed the entertainment media as we know it. Early motion pictures and television shows depicted African Americans very negatively. It wasn’t until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that African Americans began to be viewed by the entertainment media in a positive way. In 1915 D.W. Griffith released the motion picture â€Å"The Birth of a Nation†. In this motion picture African Americans were portrayed as sex crazed rapists that raped white women. Negative portrayals of African Americans in the entertainment media continued for decades. The first African American woman to win an Academy Award was Hattie McDaniel for her role in â€Å"Gone with the Wind† in which she played a stereotypical domestic. The â€Å"Amos n’ Andy† television show which aired in the 1950’s showed many African American stereotypes. The characters lived in a world that was separate but equal from whites. The Civil Rights Act helped reshape the entertainment media. The show â€Å"Good Times† was the first prime time show about an African American family that had a mother and father. At the 36th annual Academy Awards Sidney Portier became the first African American to win the Best Actor award for his role in â€Å"Lilies of the Field†. The most watched television show ever was â€Å"Roots†. â€Å"Roots† was a mini series that depicted life as an African American slave. At the 74th annual Academy Awards both the Best Actor and Best Actress Awards were won by African Americans. The Best Actor award went to Denzel Washington for â€Å"Training Day† and the Best Actress award went t... Free Essays on African Americans In The Media Free Essays on African Americans In The Media â€Å"African American Portrayals in the Entertainment Media† The entertainment media as we know it started in 1891 when The Edison Company successfully demonstrated the Kinetoscope. The first film to tell a complete story was Georges Milieus’ â€Å"A Trip to the Moon†. Soon there were many motion pictures. It wasn’t until 1941 that television came to America and along with motion pictures formed the entertainment media as we know it. Early motion pictures and television shows depicted African Americans very negatively. It wasn’t until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that African Americans began to be viewed by the entertainment media in a positive way. In 1915 D.W. Griffith released the motion picture â€Å"The Birth of a Nation†. In this motion picture African Americans were portrayed as sex crazed rapists that raped white women. Negative portrayals of African Americans in the entertainment media continued for decades. The first African American woman to win an Academy Award was Hattie McDaniel for her role in â€Å"Gone with the Wind† in which she played a stereotypical domestic. The â€Å"Amos n’ Andy† television show which aired in the 1950’s showed many African American stereotypes. The characters lived in a world that was separate but equal from whites. The Civil Rights Act helped reshape the entertainment media. The show â€Å"Good Times† was the first prime time show about an African American family that had a mother and father. At the 36th annual Academy Awards Sidney Portier became the first African American to win the Best Actor award for his role in â€Å"Lilies of the Field†. The most watched television show ever was â€Å"Roots†. â€Å"Roots† was a mini series that depicted life as an African American slave. At the 74th annual Academy Awards both the Best Actor and Best Actress Awards were won by African Americans. The Best Actor award went to Denzel Washington for â€Å"Training Day† and the Best Actress award went t...

A Mythical Roadmap of the Movie Cars Essay Example for Free

A Mythical Roadmap of the Movie Cars Essay ? The first stage of separation is the call to adventure. Followed by the refusal of the call and the crossing of a threshold. Call to Adventure: In most situations, this call becomes the subject of the story or the plot of the movie. For Lightning, he thinks his call to adventure comes over the Public Announcement System when the tie-breaking race in California is announced. While this may be the obvious choice, but I don’t think that it is. We need to look at Lightning as the potential hero and observes how he grows over the course of the journey. He doesn’t grow in skill as a driver. He ran his first race at the beginning of the movie a lot better than the race at the end. The call to adventure is not always the destination, but the road leading to the destination. The adventure is in the hero’s growth. The growth that Lightning experiences is in his ability to have and appreciate friends. As cheesy as it sounds, the call to adventure for this movie is the call to find friendship. Refusal of the Call: The refusal of the call happened during the first race when Lightning refused the help and friendship around him. Let’s admit it, Lightning was a jerk. He alienated the people who tried to help him. Three different crew chiefs quit on him during the one season he’s been racing. His arrogance at the end of the first race was so bad his entire crew quit on him. Another example of Lightnings Refusal was his initial refusal to pave the road he destroyed in Radiator Springs. It was through his paving the road that he learned the lessons of the journey. Crossing the Threshold: The symbolism of the thresholds in the movie are found in the highways that Mack and Lightning re traveling. The â€Å"Mother Road† on Route 66 is significantly more important as it is on the Mother Road that we meet the Threshold Guardian, embodied by the Sheriff. As Lightning is frantically trying to find the interstate and Mack, he speeds pas a sleepy Sheriff’s speed trap. The local sheriff begins to follow him with sirens going. Instead of stopping, Lightening goes through a chain of events throug h the forgotten town of Radiator Spring destroying the main road and other property and landing himself in jail, or the impound. This leads to the initiation phase, which can be summarized by the road of trials, the meeting with the goddess, and apotheosis. Road of Trials: The neat part of the Road of Trials step in Cars is that they are somewhat associated with an actual road, in this case, Route 66 or the Mother Road. As Lightning began to face his trails during the movie, he began by failing them. Lighting’s failure in his encounter with the threshold guardian, the Sheriff, resulted in the destruction of the road. When Doc challenged Lightning to a race, Lightning again failed due to his arrogance and lack of experience racing on dirt. The turning point on his road of trials came in the pasture where he and Mater, the local tow truck, were tipping tractors. Lightning successfully tipped all of the tractors by revving his engine. He was also successful in escaping from Frank the Combine. There, Lightning’s luck changed and he was able to fix the road, learn to race on dirt and redeem himself from his earlier failures. The Meeting with the Goddess: I had a couple of options in picking the goddess who Lightning would meet. Since Lightning is a male, I began looking at the female characters. Had the hero been a woman, I would have included the male characters in my search. One important part of identifying the Gods and Goddesses is to not get hung up on their gender but on how the character fills the role. I first went to Sally Carrera, a 2002 Porsche Carrera, as a possibility for the goddess, but I needed to remember not to confuse the romantic interest with the goddess. The goddess that Lightning has to meet needs to be associated with a trial or test that he had to pass in order to continue on his journey. The character that I identified as the goddess, was not a main character, she didn’t even have any speaking lines. The goddess was Bessie. Bessie is the name given to the road paving machine that Lightning had to drag at a snails pace to fix the road. I chose Bessie because she was the symbolic and literal obstacle that was keeping Lightning in town. To leave town, Bessie would have to be on the other end of the road with smooth pavement behind her. Lightning challenged Bessie’s role as his captor when he tried to speed up the process of fixing the road by quickly laying down the asphalt that he later had to scrape up. When Lightning was put in his place, humbled, and respectful of Bessie’s role as the goddess, he could begin to accomplish the task before him. Apotheosis: The step of apotheosis or becoming the father or god began when Lightning discovered that Doc was a retired race car. Discovering Doc’s Piston Cups and watching Doc race helped Lightning to realize that he could learn something from Doc and he quickly regretted not listening to the advice Doc previously offered. The true point of apotheosis comes during the final race when Lighting takes things learned from his time in Radiator Springs and used it to position himself for the win. This includes driving backwards using rear view mirrors and driving on the dirt infield during a spin-out that helped him take the lead. Even though he did not win the race, or the cup, as Doc had, it was Lightning’s to give up. He became the race car that Doc would be proud to know. The third and final stage of Lightning’s journey is the return, characterized by a refusal to return, the crossing of another threshold, the mastery of two worlds, and the freedom to live. The next three step follow each other in very rapid succession. The refusal came when Mack and the rest of the media came to bring Lightning back to the â€Å"real† world. Lightning didn’t want to go. He had fallen for the temptress, Sally, and was ready to abandon his journey. Luckily for him, Sally told him it was okay to go and he left, returning to the world he left behind. The magic flight out of the fantastical world in this story had been combined with the crossing of the return threshold. Mack the truck carries Lightning out of Radiator Springs and onto California. The events surrounding this is discussed a little more when we talk about crossing the return threshold. During Lightning’s stay in Radiator Springs, he became more attached to the people there. It is easy to imagine that he would give up the California race if that meant he could stay with Sally and the residents of the town. The sweet ambrosia of friendship he tasted there was more powerful that the desire to have the Piston Cup. As demonstrated in the movie, there were three aspects to this rescue from without. First is how the media was notified by Doc of Lightning’s location. Second, is Mack with the media entourage barreling into town to take Lightning away. And third, Harv the agent reminds Lighting about the Race, Dinoco, and his rival Chick Hicks. Doc, Mack, Harv, and the media each helped to rescue Lightning. Reluctantly, he allows himself to be rescued and backs into Mack’s trailer for the magic flight to California. The Crossing of the Return Threshold: In the step of crossing the return threshold, we see the return of the Sheriff in his role as the threshold guardian. He and Sally stopped Lightning from leaving by siphoning his gas tank on his first night in the impound. Later, the Sheriff almost had to go after him before Sally and Lightning went on their ride to the Wheel Well. After Lightning finishes paving the road, and thus completing his road of trials, the Sheriff changes his demeanor and is ready to give Lightning a police escort to help Lightning get to the race on time. In the Sheriff’s role as the threshold guardian, he has released Lightning from â€Å"captivity† and it is now Lightning’s â€Å"refusal to return† that is keeping him there. Lightning crosses the return threshold as he takes his magical flight in Mack’s trailer. One part of crossing the return threshold is that the fantastical world, or the world forgotten, becomes forgotten again. Lightning had become a catalyst of life and energy culminating with everyone in Radiator Springs cruising under the neon lights. When Lightning had left town, Doc finally got what he originally wanted. After a tongue lashing from Sally, Doc quietly sat there as everyone left him alone. He sat there thinking about what he had done as the neon lights turned off, one by one. The world forgotten returned to its anonymity as Doc sat on the darkened road, under the traffic light’s flashing yellow signal. Perhaps the saddest moment in the movie. Master of the Two Worlds: The second to last step in the journey is when the hero becomes the master of the two worlds. This is done by finding the ultimate boon and sharing it with those around him. Since the Ultimate boon in the gift of friendship, it is shared in two situations. First, Lightning shares his friendship to the residents of Radiator Springs when he becomes the customer of all of their stores. They share their friendship back when they show up to be his pit crew. Most notably is Doc acting as the crew chief. Lightning did not show his friendship to Doc in the same manner as he did to the others until he helped King across the finish line. Another large sharing of friendship is where he arranges for Mater to take a helicopter ride over Radiator Springs. Freedom to Live: The Freedom to live is shown primarily in the epilogue after the race. Lightning has merged his two worlds together and can now freely live in the racing world but still be with his friends, especially Sally. Lightning literally puts Radiator Springs back on the map when he moves his racing headquarters to the small town. Also, Lightning becomes a new man, or car, as shown by his new paint job, inspired by the classic 1957 Chevy. In many ways, I have found this journey to be similar to that of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh begins his journey at home as the restless king. He soon meets his helper Enkidu and the two of them go off on their adventure to the forest to defeat Humbaba. Enkidu dies. This prompts the grief stricken Gilgamesh to cross the Threshold of Adventure to seek the answer to immortality. While in the underworld/other world Gilgamesh passes many tests before he meets Utnapishtim and his wife who help him find the magical flower of everlasting life. But Gilgamesh loses the magic plant in his Peak Experience to the trickster snake who steals immortality for itself. So Gilgamesh returns home with the boon, the understanding that immortality is reserved for the gods and that he is human. He will experience death and he realizes that he must live his life and enjoy it. So he writes down his tale to spread the word to his people. As a result, Gilgamesh’s journey comes full circle just as Lightning McQueen’s had in the movie. For this reason, I have concluded that all heroes must use the phases of the journey mentioned in this paper. Though the sequence of the steps may change, they are almost always taken. A Mythical Roadmap of the Movie Cars. (2018, Nov 05).

The interaction of individual agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The interaction of individual agency - Essay Example The structure of tennis (tournaments) consists of the four Grand Slam tournaments — the Australian Open, the French Open, the US open And the Wimbledon, and the Davis Cup (for men) and the Fed Cup (women). (University of Texas: Introduction to Tennis - website) The Agencies in the game of tennis are the governing bodies, the clubs and educational institutions where tennis is encouraged and played and also advertising sponsors and media, which have a marked influence on the fortunes of the game. The individuals involved in the game are the players, the coaches, the members of administrative bodies that govern the game, its patrons, the persons in decision-making positions in educational institutions, companies that sponsor the game and in the media; and most important of all — the individuals that comprise the audience. How is the role of a tennis coach affected by the interactions among its various agencies, and those between the agencies and the overall structure of th e game? I propose to look at the question mainly from my own experience as a tennis coach for the past fourteen years, and shall also refer to the findings of a research study done for the Scottish Sports Council (Lyle, Allison & Taylor 1997) Individuals are attracted to coaching to prolong an involvement with the game and to help others —mostly younger persons — and to a limited extent, the top performers in the game (those who coach top performers are less in number.) Wanting to put something back into the sport motivates many to become coaches. Although in most sports financial reward is not a motivating factor for taking up coaching, in tennis this reason seems to be of greater importance, with 38% of the respondents stating this.

Cornairs Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Cornairs Strategies - Assignment Example As the case study states, â€Å"Comair has been an award-winning leader in the regional carrier industry. The FAA and various trade magazines have recognised Comair many times for its profitability, management, time-keeping, cancellation and lost luggage statistics.† Cornair unfortunately has several weaknesses to consider. These include the strikes present and unhappy workers, repercussions of 9/11 for flight companies, and their own inability to create an effective information system. This study declares that Economic Factors: Due to the strike, 9/11, and its own failings in its information systems, Cornair is currently experiencing an overall loss of money and production. This can be reversed by focusing on new information systems strategies, as well as making sure employees are happy. Currently, there are differing views of smart technology that needs to be considered by Cornair. As a starting point, it should be noted that smart technology is also known as data or information fusion, which is fanning out to applications as diverse as systems that predict earthquakes or traffic jams and robots that display hand–eye coordination. Some researchers see information fusion one day surpassing artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic in the breadth of real-world problems it can address. But others caution that the technology, which had its origins in military targeting systems, is still new and evolving over time. Essentially, in the military, the focus is on the monitoring of environmental parameters and making decisions based on predetermined scenarios that support an optimum solution. Just as the human brain assimilates input from all five senses, say a tangy strawberry, information fusion unifies multiple data streams in computers. For example, automatic targe t recognition—the seminal application—melds input from several sources into perceptions of â€Å"friend† or â€Å"foe.†

Crimes on Campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crimes on Campus - Essay Example The intent of the bullying person is to gain power over the victim. An individual is said to be bullied when he finds it difficult to protect himself from recurring harmful actions from another person or a group of persons. Bullying students are usually very outgoing and bold without any idea of indignity or remorse; whereas, the bullied ones are already very introverted and hesitant, which makes them prone to bullying. Smith and Sharp assert that school bullying involves â€Å"5-10 per cent of children as being bullied and about 5 per cent of children as bullying others† (5). They state that bullying is generally out of sight of the school authorities, because the bullied students and their peers hesitate in informing their teachers about the bully, and that is why it keeps on going. The National Association of School Psychologists (as cited in Shore 5) estimates that â€Å"160,000 children miss school every day for fear of being bullied†. The description of bullying i s not complete until we describe the aspects of bullying. Bullying can be of various types. Some of these are: Oral bullying: shouting, calling names and spreading rumors about the victim Written bullying: nasty letters and text messages Physical bullying: kicking, hitting, slapping, punching and pushing Isolating the victim from social gatherings Making the victim do things he does not want to do Making the victim feel ashamed of his race, color, religion and language Sexual harassment Cyber bullying: teasing through nasty emails, chat messages and phone calls Bullying can have devastating effects on the bullied student, so much so that he may be forced to commit suicide. He may undergo hypertension, freight, loneliness, anxiety, depression, low self-worth, low grades and suicidal attempts. Glew et al. (1026-1031) found that school bullying resulted in a decline in school attendance, academic outcome, psychosocial adjustment, and psychological health of students. Bullying also crea tes bad impact on the observers of bullying. Since bullying creates an apprehensive environment on campus, students who watch someone being bullied may tend to turn away from their studies feel guilty for not stopping it; or, may even be tempted to participate and support the bullying students. Such students are called the bystanders. Rivers et al. (211-223) conducted a study regarding the mental health of those students who witness school bullying. The participants included 2,002 students aged 12 to 16 belonging to 14 schools in the United Kingdom. The researchers found that â€Å"observing bullying at school predicted risks to mental health over and above that predicted for those students who were directly involved in bullying behavior as either a perpetrator or a victim† (211). The observers are either convinced to take part in bullying or they refrain from involvement or from protecting the victim, all of which are signs of poor mental health. In order to avoid all these negative effects of bullying on campus, I recommend that school authorities should promote interpersonal and helping relationship among its students. Students’

Disaster Recovery Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disaster Recovery Plan - Essay Example Requirements Definition, Assessment of the Overall Firm Vulnerability The company's software and systems assets are based on commercial off the shelf software or COTS coming from Microsoft and NetApp, together with products that are tailored for government. Storage for the company's data is via NetApp Storage, making use of SnapMirror as the technology to partly enable the process of disaster recovery. Microsoft COTS are the Microsoft line of Server products, including Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft SQL, and Microsoft SharePoint, among others (Bahan, 2003; CXO Media/ IDG Enterprise, 2012; US Small Business Administration, 2010; University of Toronto Information + Technology Services, 2012; Microsoft Corporation, 2012; NetApp, 2012; NetApp, 2011). B. Analysis of Impact to the Business While software and systems are off the shelf, the data is customized and unique to the company. The customizations on the COTS software can be backed up and reconfigured on copies in the event of disaster , but data is another matter. The impact of data loss due to a disaster can include the company being unable to resume operations, leading to the collapse of the company's viability as a going concern. On the other hand, while data recovery and storage is important, so are the costs associated with making data resilient in the event of disaster. ... Requirements Definition Systems have to be reconfigurable in the event of disaster. Redundant data must be the norm, located at different locations, so that a localized disaster will not disrupt vital company processes. Ideally, the setup is to include NetApp storage managing redundant data, and two parallel and identical systems made up of NetApp and Microsoft COTS are to run, with one on standby to kick in and take over from the live environment once the live environment fails in the event of a disaster (Bahan, 2003; CXO Media/ IDG Enterprise, 2012; US Small Business Administration, 2010; University of Toronto Information + Technology Services, 2012; Microsoft Corporation, 2012; NetApp, 2012; NetApp, 2011). D. Development of the Plan An oversight team is to form the different committees in charge of the company's functional departments, interfacing with IT in order to come up with a data backup and recovery plan, as well as a systems backup and recovery plan, for each of the functi onal departments. The recovery plan will flow from the big picture setup of redundant systems and redundant data residing on different locations, managed by NetApps on the storage side (Bahan, 2003; CXO Media/ IDG Enterprise, 2012; US Small Business Administration, 2010; University of Toronto Information + Technology Services, 2012; Microsoft Corporation, 2012; NetApp, 2012; NetApp, 2011). E. Plan Implementation, Testing The same oversight committee, made up of the company CEO and CTO as the project managers, shall have overall project ownership for the plan, and shall undertake the testing and implementation of the plan. Testing shall be done via simulating a disaster situation and the failure of

Film Study - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Study - - Essay Example His interaction with the world will lay basis of the analysis and will portray interpersonal communication ability of the actors. The events in Hunting’s life indicate how childhood exposure may affect interactions between individuals. The mother son relation between Hunting and his mother indicates the nature at which he perceives persons of the opposite sex hence affecting his relationship with Skylar. This concept is also visible when Hunting attacks on a man who wronged him during his childhood life. The concept can be replicated in an organization setup where conflict resolution and consultation becomes important when averting a recurrence of a negative event. The ability to communicate becomes effective once a person uses it to solve complex issues. The complex nature of communication provides avenues in which individuals may approach a conflict. In Will’s situation, alternative avenues are provided for him hence behavioral therapy advised rather than years in solitaire. Hunting displays traits that result to conflict hence demining the essence of interpersonal communication. The negative emotions that Hunting displays towards a man who once assaulted him and the police officer indicate the nature in which negative emotions may escalate into a conflict and that it may affect relations between two individual. The motive of Will Hunting is to seek revenge thus ignoring the essence of dialogue and consultation as a means of resolving conflicts. Communication is a vital tool while discovering mistakes and indicating ways in which individual may journey themselves towards change. The willingness to change is evident once Hunting begins his therapy recommended to him by the professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The therapy sessions are aimed at providing Hunting with an insight on behavioral change hence acting as a tool of conflict resolution. The therapy allows will to rediscover himself through a second

What do The Bell Jar and Catcher in the Rye identify as the main Essay

What do The Bell Jar and Catcher in the Rye identify as the main concerns of the 1950s for young people - Essay Example Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of Catcher in the Rye and Esther, the protagonist of The Bell Jar are characters deeply rooted in this conflicting and confusing time. It is probably no accident, then, that both these characters seek professional help in dealing with what may be madness or insanity, or what must may be the stress of living in a time that is not easily understood or explained. Women in America went to work after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the entry into World War II, and many of them decided that they liked it; American men took it upon themselves in the 1950s to attempt the enforced removal repression of that desire to remain at work. Until America joined the war to fight the dreaded Hun (and the Japanese) in the latter part of 1941, women as a rule really hadn’t had much of a choice in terms of vocation. Unless they were raised on the farm, women basically had the choice of becoming a wife and possibly mother, or, if they desired to enter the work force, taking a job in one of the male-approved female jobs such as secretary or nursing. With the depletion of male work force into the service from 1941 to 1945, women all over the country got a taste of what it was like to work in a variety of jobs ranging from factory worker to professionals. As Tucker writes, women in the 40s were â€Å"commonly portrayed as performing her patriotic duty†”taking a job so that a man could fight† (18). The symbol of the American woman’s liberation was Rosie the Riveter and Hollywood applauded the working woman throughout the films of the early 40s. The only problem is that once the men came home and got their jobs back, many women were not expressing the jubilation of going back home that was expected. Esther’s alienation in The Bell Jar and Holden’s somewhat paternalistic attitude toward women reflect the confusion and tumult

Film Study - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Study - - Essay Example His interaction with the world will lay basis of the analysis and will portray interpersonal communication ability of the actors. The events in Hunting’s life indicate how childhood exposure may affect interactions between individuals. The mother son relation between Hunting and his mother indicates the nature at which he perceives persons of the opposite sex hence affecting his relationship with Skylar. This concept is also visible when Hunting attacks on a man who wronged him during his childhood life. The concept can be replicated in an organization setup where conflict resolution and consultation becomes important when averting a recurrence of a negative event. The ability to communicate becomes effective once a person uses it to solve complex issues. The complex nature of communication provides avenues in which individuals may approach a conflict. In Will’s situation, alternative avenues are provided for him hence behavioral therapy advised rather than years in solitaire. Hunting displays traits that result to conflict hence demining the essence of interpersonal communication. The negative emotions that Hunting displays towards a man who once assaulted him and the police officer indicate the nature in which negative emotions may escalate into a conflict and that it may affect relations between two individual. The motive of Will Hunting is to seek revenge thus ignoring the essence of dialogue and consultation as a means of resolving conflicts. Communication is a vital tool while discovering mistakes and indicating ways in which individual may journey themselves towards change. The willingness to change is evident once Hunting begins his therapy recommended to him by the professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The therapy sessions are aimed at providing Hunting with an insight on behavioral change hence acting as a tool of conflict resolution. The therapy allows will to rediscover himself through a second

An overview of the conflict resolution theory Essay Example for Free

An overview of the conflict resolution theory Essay Conflict Resolution Theory In conflict resolution, preconceived notions, also called the natural cognitive sorting processes, are the stimuli that unwittingly foment war. By taking a look at individual and intergroup relations, one can better grasp conflict resolution as a way of mediation which may lessen the probabilities of the outbreak of political violence. This essay takes a close examination of the effect of individual-level models of change to inspire change at the social level. The scaling up the process from individual treatment to social has its strengths and weakness. Controlled communication, sensitivity training, Freud’s hydraulic model, complex mirroring and conscious raising psychotherapy are experimented means in conflict resolution to dissolve conflict at both individual and general levels. The natural cognitive sorting mechanism of dividing people into ‘us’ and ‘them’ engenders prejudice and in the long run, political violence. This perspective is typical to The Self and The Other concept in which people and groups are constructed to exclude the other or any entity that is perceived as foreign and to include the self or other entities affiliated to the self. â€Å"Protracted social conflicts typically involve an enduring set of antagonistic perceptions and interactions between communal groups†¦negative attributions of motivations and reciprocal negative images perpetuate the antagonisms and solidify the conflict† (Fisher 1997). This concept breeds the antagonization of groups which turns one group against the other, deepening rifts and sharpening rivalry. Since this type of social cognitive process emphasizes differences between ‘us’ and ‘them,’ an elitism can arise which advantages one group over the othe r and fosters an unhealthy intergroup competition and mutual exclusion. With mutual degradation and demonized motives, each group continues to not only drift apart but rub against each other in a frictional relationship to produce an aggression fire. At the national level, us and them dichotomy leads to jingoism which is a chauvinistic form of nationalism. This ideology promotes the suppression of one and the superiority of a people. Fanatical patriotism and the prejudiced belief propose that another party must suffer in the power imbalance. (Paris 2004) agrees that â€Å"exclusionary forms of nationalism also make enemies of excluded groups.† In other words, one nation categorizes, segregates and disadvantages another. As a consequence, the excluded party harbors resentment toward the opposing group. Resentment begets tension-filled relations, which beget mistrust. The polarizing effect of the ‘us’ and ‘them’ construct leads inevitably to suspicion and in a competitive environment, to perceived inequalities. Inequalities result in the categorization of an oppressed and an oppressor, the victimized and the victimizer. At a particular point, one group arrives at a breaking point, demanding the redr ess of wrongs whether real or perceived and an equalizing of the playing field. (Fisher 1997) also recognizes that some â€Å"conflicts arise when identity groups perceive that they are oppressed and victimized through a denial of recognition, security, equity and political participation.† Imbalances of power stimulate one group to react or even retaliate – hence hostilities erupt. It was a wave of nationalism which provokes WWII in which the Aryan Germans attempt to purge Germany of ‘unwanted elements’ for the sake of the country. Similarly, in the case of Rwanda and other countries, ethnic cleansing or genocide take place because of inequality and a false sense of nationalism. Sorting out the Natural Cognitive Processes To arrive at conflict resolution, one must broach the theme of altering intergroup perceptions. This method is an individual-to-social strategy in which with a third party intervention, both groups can mutually exchange opinions and feelings. John Burton pioneers and implements a â€Å"casework approach,† a term used in social work to explain the methods implemented to solve an in individual or group problem. Controlled communication signifies a way to forge effective communication habits. Burton asserts that the source of conflict is miscommunication and the source of miscommunication is distorted worldviews or perceptions of the other. In practicing controlled communication, groups can share their prejudices and biases in a setting that diffuses anger and sets a more amicable tone for talks would help improve relations. Also, Leonard Doob advocates sensitivity training which progresses the transition from individual-level change to collective change. He puts forward that a s mall representative group ventilates their perceptions, opinions, and concerns to create awareness and better grasping of group processes. The sensitivity training workshop is similar to a psychological therapy conducted by a third party. Ideas and feelings are shared to increase interpersonal effectiveness. (Toft 2010) declares that giving voice to former combatants is a mechanism in conflict resolution to craft negotiation settlements in which â€Å"renewed violence can be averted.† This rule follows the sensitivity training theory which enhances sympathy and increases chances at understanding and positive change. In Sigmund Freud’s group processes theory, he posits that the group’s way of thinking is spawned directly from the individual’s. In Freud’s hydraulic model, the principle is that just as it is dangerous to suppress feelings for fear of compounding them for a more violent eruption, so at the social level, it is risky to continually inhibit ill-feeling by conflict resolution (Strachey 1966); instead, venting would help diffuse tensions and instead of internalizing the resentment, the person finds relief in expression. In his work â€Å"Give War a Chance† (Luttwak 1999) examines the effect of peacekeeping which only temporarily resolves the issue by satisfying parties. However, he advocates war as the means of reaching a more definitive and longer lasting conflict resolution. Complex Mirroring Complex mirroring within the group setting is a way in which the individual change scalps up to the group level change. In remedying traumatized individuals, the victims join themselves to a group and begin to mirror one another’s feelings and experiences. A critic notices that â€Å"by listening to one another’s individual presentation of personal experiences, participants gain a new perspective†¦by listening to the series of such descriptions, they gained the experience of universality† (Herman 1997). As a result, the individual-level change dynamic transmutes into the group-level change. As one witness the effect of trauma, the support group experiences secondary trauma as wounded members relate their experiences and seek emotional support. The incidence of secondary trauma gives rise to empowerment and awareness. Kathie Sarachild formulated the conscious-raising psychotherapy structures specifically for the individual but which could be used â€Å"to ef fect social rather than individual change† (Herman 1997). This method was implemented for rape-victims who were silenced by the violence and trauma inflicted by another. In the scope of social change, political violence is a grave injustice inflicted by one and visited upon the other. A remedial path is a sensitization rather than retaining the silence over the injury. As the public’s consciousness heightens, a cure has to be suggested and taken. The beneficial result is that â€Å"changes at the individual level were being linked with policy processes at the macro level† (Fisher 1997). Conflict Resolution Strengths and Weaknesses In conflict resolution, a strength of the individual to group model application is that groups comprise a conglomerate body in which individual mirroring gradually filters into the group’s ethics. The reasoning is that a group is comprised of individuals and since a group is made up of individuals, then a method aimed at effecting change in an individual can also be applied to the group. However, this method does not factor in the wide diversity of the individuals belonging to a group. One rigid rule utilized for one individual cannot work for a group because this view only facilitates the one-size-fits-all theory which is not socially viable. References: Fisher, R.J. (1997). Interactive Conflict Resolution, Syracuse University Press, New York. Herman, J.L. (1997). Trauma and Recovery. Basic Books Publishers, New York. Anonymous. (1996). Human Rights in Peace Negotiations, Human Rights Quarterly,18(2), 249- 258. Luttwak, E. (1999).   Give War a Chance, Journal of Foreign Affairs, 78 (4), 36-44 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20049362. Accessed 14 December 2011. Strachey, J. (1966). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, Vol. 22, Toft, M.D. (2010). Ending Civil Wars: A Case for Rebel Victory, Journal of International Security, 34 (2), 7-36. Paris, R. (2004). At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge University Press.

The effects of globalisation on women

The effects of globalisation on women Although the term globalisation was only known to me from items on TV and in newspapers, I have tried to make a thorough analysis in this paper for my English course. I am not an economist, so the subject was rather new to me. In the different media, globalisation is usually dealt covered from an anti-globalisation angle. This raises the first very important question: is globalisation all negative or does a global economy also have merits? Unfortunately, because the subject is so extensive I have to narrow it down. I therefore choose to describe the participation of women in the process of globalisation. The paper is constructed around the following themes: à ¢-  What is globalisation? à ¢-  How does globalisation affect women? An introduction à ¢-  Participation of women in the economy Effects of export, economic foundation The Infant Industry Argument à ¢-  Womens representation in the political process à ¢-  Women and education à ¢-  Women and health à ¢-  Modern Day Slavery à ¢-  Violence against women à ¢-  The rise of NGOs à ¢-  An interview with an Usbek girl à ¢-  Conclusion à ¢-  What is globalisation? Being spread all over the world, that would be the literal definition of globalisation. With the means of modern technology and communication, used all over the world these days, we know almost immediately what is happening on the other side of the world. We get more connected with each other and, as a consequence, we become evermore dependant on one another. Our world has increasingly become a unity, because globalisation establishes itself on a political, economic, social and cultural level and these four groups are related. The term globalisation is not new, some say that the process started in the 15th century when the Europeans or more specific the Portuguese and Spanish wanted to expand and travelled oversees, thus conquering the South and Middle-American continent. Also bear in mind the battle between the English, French and Belgians over Africa. Other sources state that globalisation began in the early eighties thanks to new information technologies such as the Internet. As a result of this globalisation, the economies of different countries met and were forced to cooperate, necessitating the construction of one system so all economies could merge. In order to realise globalisation as we know it at present it is critical that some companies and less powerful concerns are gradually replaced by big and powerful multinationals and big monetary companies. But globalisation is a much bigger process than the mere increase of international trade and foreign investments. When we take a look at companies in Belgium, we notice a strong mobility of capital and workers. Globalisation is a global realisation of a world economy; custom houses are no longer needed and therefore abolished, prices increase so the returns of companies grow bigger. We aim for as much privatisation as possible where companies part of the public sector are transferred to the private sector. à ¢-  How does globalisation affect women? An introduction. The United Nations watches over the rights of all people, including women. It estimates that over 58 million primary-school-aged girls worldwide are not enrolled in school, more than two-thirds of the worlds births occur outside health facilities. Many countries, among which the United States of America have not signed or ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). It is not very difficult to see that the life of women has greatly improved since globalisation, particularly in third world countries where women had a lot of catching up to do. Nevertheless, the development of women in areas of life such as education, health and civil rights is still very limited. According to the United States Agency for International Development and the World Bank, 55% (of a total of 72 million) of female primary-school-aged children do not attend school. Furthermore, when they do receive the opportunity to get an education, it is less likely that they complete their primary school compared to boys. International communities, such as the United Nations, use and monitor indicators of gender equality. In 2010 the United Nations wrote their UNs Millennium Development Goals in which they verify gender equality and the empowerment of women. Some of the indicators of gender equality used by the United Nations are levels of female enrolment at school, participation in the workplace and representation in decision-making positions and political institutions. Many international conferences have discussed the various and unique problems women have to face. The UN have created a new identity: United Nations Women. It controls gender equality and the implementation of laws regarding female rights. à ¢-  Participation of women in the economy Effect of export, economic foundation A close inspection of a few economic principles reveals that a country benefits from trade with other countries. We can safely say that a countrys welfare increases as soon as it becomes an exporting country. If the world price for a product is higher than the domestic price, a country will export its goods. By doing so, the total surplus increases. On the other hand, when the world price is lower than the domestic price, the country must import goods to have an increase in total surplus. Either way, a countrys welfare will always increase by setting up trade. The Infant Industry Argument Many third world countries are convinced they should follow the theory described in economic literature as The Infant Industry Argument, stating that trade restrictions will help a developing industry to get started. These countries think that their industry will be able to compete with foreign competitors after a period of protection. However, there are many reasons why economists are sceptical about this protectionalism. First of all, these restrictions are difficult to put into practice. Some questions the government will be faced with are: which industry will be profitable? and will the benefit of establishing these industries exceed the cost for consumers? Dont forget the problem of protection mostly going to those companies that are politically powerful. Also, it is very hard to remove this temporary policy. In addition, many economists are sceptical about the infant industry argument, even in principle. When the industry is unable to compete, but can prove profitable in the long run, the owners of the firms should be willing to incur losses. After a while, they can obtain possible profit. So, by being an exporting country, a quicker economic grow is more likely and consequently, a country that wants to expand its economy, has to be able to put many people at work. In that hypothesis, women have to be part of the working class. Closer inspection of different third world countries shows that womens employment varies greatly. In some countries in the Middle East participation of women in the local economy is the greatest of the world. In East-Asia 67 % of all women is working while the global average is 53%. On the other hand we find very few women being part of the working population in some Arab countries, for example only 15 % in Saudi-Arabia. When we look at the reasons why there are so many and great differences in employment of women, we finally discover a difference in social-cultural factors. For example, many Maghreb countries believe that women cannot work. Likewise women are being tightly politically controlled in many Arabic countries, with laws describing what a woman should and should not do. Mostly, they have to stay at home and take care of the children and the household. Having said that, women are obviously called upon to contribute to the family earnings by going out to work when the family grows and the household increases. Yet, on the other hand, she is the first to give up her career and stay home as soon as she has children. This is not the only problem women face; in most countries, even in so-called developed ones, women are worse off than men. They earn less money for the same work and will not easily make it to decision-making jobs. More often than not women are to be found in such sectors as education and sanitation. So, what is the effect of globalisation on these issues? We can see that globalisation improves womens economic achievements; they will be able to earn and control their income and as such, empower themselves to negotiate their role and status in their household as well as in society. Countries must change their way on women because women are essential for the increase of the national economy. Employing only men will not be sufficient to reach that goal. The gains for women who work are double: womens employment does not only increase the economy, it also appears to improve child survival rate, family health and to reduce fertility rates. Unfortunately, the situation is not always positive. Even though a number of these countries are able to put women to work, the job is often dangerous or the working conditions are very bad. They even have to carry out jobs men turn down. Additionally, women have little rights concerning working hours, health care, privacy protection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ These gender-related problems arent restricted to underdeveloped countries, though. When looking at Europe, for instance, it is women who are most likely to be discharged in times of recession. Also, in most European countries, women still do not earn the same wages as men. It is less likely to find a woman in an important job than a man. Mostly, the reason is that men have the positions to hire people and often they think that a man is a safer choice. In some companies it is customary not to employ women in their fertile years, because of the cost of having to employ a substitute during the womans maternity leave. Organisations such as Human Rights Watch zealously battle for legal protection of women labourers. They also want to strengthen their legal protection and ensure easy access to legal resources. By doing so, they aim to increase participation in work as a positive development for women, when the law is on their side, men will give them the opportunity to work outside the household. Still, every beginning is hard. Underlying factors have to be changed before serious progress can be made. As the United Nations stated: Women have entered the labour force in unprecedented numbers, increasing the potential for their ability to participate in economic decision making at various levels, starting with the household. à ¢-  Womens representation in the Political Process Many international agreements discuss the goal of gender equality, yet many local governments lack female participation. Nevertheless, increased representation of women in decision making is crucial for the empowerment of women. World conferences like the Beijing Fourth World Conference and the Millennium Development Goals recommend several programs for this purpose. However, when we investigate recent data we notice that the process is slow and the outcome around the world is very different. Many organisations such as the Women Leaders Initiative, created by the World Economic Forum tried to up the participation of women in global economy, by increasing the representation of women leaders at global summits. The target internationally agreed upon is a female representation of 30 %. In 2010, 26 countries, among which Belgium and the Netherlands, reached this target. Some governments pulled through by introducing quotas for womens political participation. But increasing womens representation is not the only issue governments have to deal with. When women arrive in decision-making jobs by quota, they do not only have to be present, but they also have to be genuinely involved in the actual decision making process. Unfortunately, not all women are fully prepared for the job. In the new Bulgarian parliament, for example, women secured 26% of the votes (40% of the eligible positions were occupied by women as a result of campaigns by NGOs). But after the election a study showed that women were not fully prepared for their career. They apparently did not want to represent womens rights or interests. Currently, only 9 countries around the world have a female leader. à ¢-  Women and education Where education is concerned, research yields very different results in different places. In a number of African countries, women cant go to primary school, for instance. This situation is completely the opposite in some Asian countries where there are more women than men in secondary schools. Generally speaking, girls in the poorest countries have the lowest chance of getting an education. Yet school attendance is not the only issue we have to measure; illiteracy is an extremely important problem, seeing that 64% of all illiterate adults worldwide are women. Illiteracy is one of the indicators used by the UN Millennium Development Goal to progress gender equality. The international community hopes, and I quote the Levin Institute, to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education in all levels of education no later than 2015. We know that education is very important, educated women stand a slimmer chance of living in poverty, hence alleviating poverty in general. Non-governmental organisations such as the UNESCO also state that female education has positive effects on child health and provides other members of the household the chance to educate themselves. Furthermore, women who have enjoyed an education participate more in the economy. When looking at extremely poor countries which are mostly rural, women are not likely to complete any type of schooling. Yet, education is a basic human right and as such defined in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. The World Education Forum hopes to see changes in attitudes, values and practices to end gender inequality. The UNESCO noted that, especially in poor African countries, it is not the policy that holds women back. A Girls education is not valued in many societies because women have to take care of the household. Therefore only boys can receive an education, because they have to learn skills to work outside the home. In some countries it is very difficult to go to school because of the distance. Primary schools are usually near the home, but because secondary schools are at a considerable distance, they are often not attended because if they do attend the children have to leave home. Exposing girls to the outside world seems not important . Their place is at home, doing the household. The only knowledge they need for cooking and caring for others, they learn from their mothers and older sisters. Another problem is that schools do not provide with adjusted sanitary facilities for girls. So governments have to fund schools to build lavatories for males and females. In some countries, families are offered a small fee if they send their girls to school. To eliminate fraud, the salary will only be given to the family after the children have passed their exams. By doing so, parents are also affected in the process of change. Globalisation provides the world with the opportunity to make changes. Global organisation can monitor all countries and set up rules so that women get the power they need. By giving them an education they are also given the opportunity to speak for themselves. à ¢-  Women and health Poor health is a problem numerous developing countries have to face. Reasons are limited services or access to them, lack of education and too little information about health issues. When looking at the situation of women, it is evident that they are also affected by other problems concerning health. For example, mal nutrition, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy complications. Although in many cultures women are the first to take care of others who are in need, they are often the last to receive medical treatment themselves. Organisations such as the World Bank try to educate women by teaching them how to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases like HIV. In some countries in Africa and Asia the contamination with HIV has taken the form of an epidemic among women. Studies show that women are twice as likely to be infected with contagious diseases than men, especially due to a lack of information and education. The reason that women are more affected is to be explained by gender inequality. Women are not in the position to refuse sex or to demand the use of a condom. By promoting gender equality, womens rights organisations try to improve the bad position of girls and women. Women have to be taught to speak up for themselves and control their own lives, they have to show resistance to the often very dominating males. Educational programs developed by organisations such as the UNIFEM provide them with information about nutrition in order to have a healthier life. This is not only useful for the women themselves, but the whole household will benefit by it. One of the most important issues non- governmental organisations have to deal with is maternal health, especially when realising that the majority of maternal deaths can be prevented. In many cultures the life of a woman is worth less than the time necessary to bring her to a health centre. Often the family waits too long to seek medical help so that the woman dies before even getting to a hospital. Only by giving women proper health care and information, the number of deaths during child birth can be reduced. Via special programs women are pointed out the dangers of breast feeding when the mother is HIV positive. Along with the information regarding the risks for the baby, the mothers are offered milk powder and bottles to feed the little ones. Another very delicate problem is that of abortion. In many cultures pregnancy termination is prohibited and women have no rights to argue. Birth control methods are not used and in some religions even forbidden so that women are almost always pregnant. This way the pressure on the household is enormous, frequently with poverty as a result. Also women who have many children to look after have no time left to go out. They have nowhere for a little bit of privacy or tranquillity. The issue of birth control brings us to another problem women in poor countries have to deal with. Because abortion is not debatable, some women seek refuge in unsafe abortions as last resort when they want to terminate a pregnancy without the family knowing. These issues remain controversial, not only in third world countries but in all countries with religious societies such as Catholic and Muslim countries. Nevertheless, scientific studies show a connection between poverty and the number of children a woman has. When the poverty of women decreases, the fertility rate increases. Also, a woman who has less children to take care of is able to give these children a better education and development. The Human Rights Commission identifies the practices most threatening to women as (I quote): Female circumcision, known as female genital mutilation to its opponents, which involves the excision of a womans external sexual organs; Other forms of mutilation, such as facial scarring; Various nutritional taboos; Traditional practices associated with childbirth; The problem of dowries in some parts of the world; Honor killing The consequences of preference for male babies, such as parental neglect and infanticide of female babies. In some countries women have to face genital mutilation on religious grounds. That practice has been described by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as an insult to human rights. It shows a lack of dignity from the part of men and a lack of equality between men and women. à ¢-  Modern Day slavery Some women who lead a bad life in poverty believe they can find a better life in a developed country. They are sometimes exploited by organisations who trick them into forced labour or sexual exploitation. Globalisation made it easier to move people around the world and people get in touch with organisations who promise a better life faster. Often they are taken to a developed country with the promise of a job as a nanny or housekeeper, but when they arrive they end up in prostitution. These women do not have the opportunity to react because they depend on the person who brought them there. The traffickers hold on to the necessary papers to keep these victims in the country. Seeing they cannot get in touch with the authorities, they are forced to live an illegal life. We often see that especially women of lower class groups are vulnerable. Also the political and economic crisis in some countries contributes to the trafficking of women, as it turns out to be a very lucrative business. When talking of human trafficking we are in fact dealing with international criminal organisations, meaning, highly mobile structures that are difficult to prosecute. In some countries we find members of the local government involved in this illegal business. Also, when a certain suspect is caught and brought to justice, it is very difficult to find witnesses or victims willing to testify against these traffickers. Because of the international character of the organisations, many people fear for their lives and those of their family members. In some Asian countries children often end up in the sex industry. Non-governmental organisations try to inform the parents about the potential dangers of illegal sex trade, the risks of HIV and the legal penalties involving the issue. Not only non-governmental organisations take action, also some governments state it is illegal to travel for the purpose of sex tourism. By discouraging people to take part of the sex industry, the government can diminish the problems. à ¢-  Violence against women (VAW) NGOs provide for rules to combat VAW. In Egypt, for example, women who were treated violently can receive legal advice and counselling on the one hand and help with other issues such as divorce and housing on the other hand. NGOs also control the implementation of laws and policies, which is a big challenge because some informants underreport or are biased (do not want to report family or friends). Another problem is the wrong interpretation of the laws.could you provide an example? It is not entirely clear as such There is also bureaucracy; in some countries, even developed ones like the US, VAW programs are diffused across different political tendencies. The government does not want to take part for a determinate side. This is not clear In poor countries in the developing world, there is not enough money to spend on programs to inform on violence against women. They often do not have the financial infrastructure to combat VAW. Because of the intervention of NGOs, people have become aware of the problem and pressure coming from the community increases. However, when violent behaviour is met with punishment, support from the community is lacking. Abuse still occurs, but when all members of society are involved to fight the problem, the number of incidents of abuse will decrease. à ¢-  The rise of NGOs As a result of globalisation, various organisations defend the rights of women around the world. In the last 50 years, many non-governmental organisations defending women and womens rights were founded. They work on different themes such as education, medical aid, development and so forth. As a result of their work, we will now find great female political leaders, even in underdeveloped countries like Benin. Those women inspire a lot of other women to educate themselves and fight for their equality. à ¢-  An interview with an Usbek girl Nastaya Buchok is an Usbek girl of 13 years old. She participated in a girls project that provides encouragement, support and training to select a group of young computer-orientated girls, sponsored by the International Research and Exchanges Board. This is what globalisation has done for her: Globalisation has really affected her life and that of other women too. Thanks to the program she learned that women can also be leaders and can build a future for themselves. When she has completed the program, she wants to cooperate with Youth Organisations. She says that technology can improve the status of women so they can become leaders in their community and be on the same level as men. à ¢-  Conclusion While reading about the subject of globalisation I found many pros and contras. The study on which I based my paper, mostly talks about positive results of globalisation, where women are concerned. Globalisation provides them with the opportunity to get an education and offers them the chance to stand up for themselves. Many non-governmental organisations which are zealously fighting for womens rights have been founded as a result of globalisation. In many underdeveloped countries women think that leading a life that is dominated by men is normal. They do not know what freedom means or that they have as many rights regarding education, health, politics and so on as men do. Now they are given a voice, the chance to develop. They get the opportunity to make a difference. By training, education, providing services and support the NGOs offer help to suppressed women. There are people who are lobbying with governments and international organisations for better policies. The process of change is very slow, but every result, even a tiny one, can make a big difference later. Because women are the ones who educate the children, the results can be seen after one generation already. If we are able to give the women of today a proper education, they will see the importance of going to school and then they will send their children to school. By doing so their children do not have to struggle to get an education, it will be the normal thing to do. If women are informed on how to build a healthy life, everyone in the family will benefit from it. Children have less chance to be undernourished and so less children will die. We can turn the tide so that mortality among children decreases. When women know how to protect themselves against diseases like HIV, the number of orphans will decrease as well as the number of children who are born with HIV or who will get contaminated by their mother because she is ignorant of the consequences of breastfeeding a child while being HIV positive. Working women have their own income, which will make them less dependent of their husbands. It also gives them a chance to build up a social network outside the home and away from the influence of the family. In every way, being in contact with other partners in adversity, they can widen their horizon. However, going outside is not self-evident for women in many societies and some religions speak negatively of women who are working. If a woman can secure a job in politics, they can fight the battle for their female population, because not every woman has the ability or the nerve to stand up for her rights. So, having strong women in politics who speak up and fight their battles for womens rights zealously, all womens situation can improve. In order to get more women to occupy important political mandates, NGOs set quota for the countries. As a result of this positive discrimination some countries already succeeded in having one-third of female politicians. A lot of woman are oppressed by their husband or his family. When we have politicians who know the problems women have to face and want to defend womens rights, laws can be made to help the weaker ones. The UN offers guidelines to countries to develop themselves and set rules to prevent atrocities like human mutilation. In the last paragraph I have given my personal conclusion on the subject globalisation and women. But I must admit that globalisation is a much more complex matter. I did not speak about the economic, environmental and cultural aspects of it. When I discussed the effect of globalisation on women, it all seemed positive. But the fact that we can travel all over the world in only 24 hours and that we in Belgium, for example, know that there has been an earthquake in Japan within a second also has negative consequences. Through globalisation many local cultures disappear and a new, multicultural society comes into existence. Because there is no break (what do you mean by this?) on economic globalisation, some natural sources are overexploited. In the early days, people only took what their society needed, now big companies reclaim without thinking of the consequences for the environment or without looking at the future. The only thing of importance is profit. Also, big companies grind down the population by putting people at work for starvation wages. They often are not averse to child labour. Another disadvantage of companies going abroad for the production of goods is that people in the rich countries are unemployed because factories are closing. When we put all the pros and contras together, globalisation is in many ways a blessing, especially in third world countries and for people who are discriminated or suffer disadvantages. Both mens and womens lives have improved and will continue to do so. Also it is thanks to globalisation that organisations like the United Nations, Unicef the WHO and other non- governmental organisation have been founded and that, as a consequence, the rights of the weak participants in all societies are defended. Those organisations take a look at the whole picture and every individual in it. NGOs watch that the Human Rights are being observed and take action if they are violated.