Auditing theory

The chairman should have been or presently a senior practitioner in public accountancy. 14. The following sectors represented by the PICA to the membership of AAAS have one representative, except a. Government c. Commerce and industry b. Public practice d. Academe 15. Statements on financial accounting standards constituting GAP are issued by the a.Philippine Institute of Spas. C. Audit Standards and Practices Council. B. Securities and Exchange Commission. D. Accounting Standards Council. 16. Indicate whether the following functions would be performed by: P S – Senior M – Manager AS – Audit Assistant (1) Supervises two or more concurrent audit engagements Performs detailed audit procedures Overall responsibility for audit Signs audit report s d. 17. The amount of audit fees depend largely on the – Partner a. Size and capitalization of the company under audit. B. Amount of profit for the year. C. Availability of cash. . Volume of audit work and degree of c ompetence and responsibilities involved. Page 3 of 7 18. In determining audit fees, an auditor may take into account each of the following except a. Volume and intricacy of work involved. C. Number and cost of manors needed. B. Degree of responsibility assumed. D. Size and amount of capital of client. 19. Under this method of billing a client, the external auditors charges on the basis of time spent by principals/partners, supervisors, seniors and Juniors at predetermined rates agreed upon with the client Maximum fee basis c.Flat sum basis Retainer basis d. Per diem basis RA No. 9298 – Philippine Accountancy Act of 2004 and its AIR 1 . Which of the following is not one of the specified objectives of the Accountancy Act of 2004? A. Examination for registration of Spas. B. Supervision, control, and regulation of accounting practice. C. Standardization and regulation of accounting education. D. Promulgation of accounting and auditing standards. In all of the following situations except one, a person is deemed to be engaged in professional accounting practice.Which of them is the exception? A. Performing audits or verification of financial transactions and records for more than one client. B. Employed as the department chairman that supervises the BAS program of an educational institution. C. Employment as controller of a private business enterprise and such employment squires that the holder thereof should be a CPA. D. Appointment in the government where first grade civil service eligibility is a prerequisite. A person is not deemed to be engaged in professional accounting practice if a.Her merely holds himself out as skilled in the science and practice of accounting and qualified to render services as a CPA. B. He merely offers to render services as a CPA to the public, but does not actually render such services. C. He offers or renders bookkeeping services to more than one client. D. He installs and revises accounting systems for more than one client. Pr actice in Public Accountancy shall constitute in a person a. Involved in decision making requiring professional knowledge in the science of accounting, or when such employment or position requires that the holder thereof must be a certified public accountant. . In an educational institution which involve teaching of accounting, auditing, management advisory services, finance, business law, taxation, and other technically related subjects. C. Who holds, or is appointed to, a position in an accounting professional group in government or in a government owned and/or controlled reparation, including those performing proprietary functions, where decision making requires professional knowledge in the science of accounting, d.Holding out himself/herself as one skilled in the knowledge, science and practice of accounting, and as a qualified person to render professional services as a certified public accountant; or offering or rendering, or both, to more than one client on a fee basis or ot herwise. Any position in any business or company in the private sector which requires supervising the recording of financial transactions, preparation of financial tenements, coordinating with the external auditors for the audit of such financial statements and other related functions shall be occupied only by a duly registered CPA.Provided (choose the incorrect one) a. That the business or company where the above position exists has a paid-up capital of at least and/or an annual revenue of at least b. The above provision shall apply only to persons to be employed after the effectively of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 9298. C. The above provision shall not result to deprivation of the employment of incumbents to the position. D. None of the above.

Corus Case Study Draft

Corus Case Study Introduction: ? Corus businesses. ? Market, Steel ? CCI needs to differentiate itself from the competitors in order to grow in the business. Model of Planned Organizational Change (Pg 336) Forces for Change: External: Low cost of Steel Internal: Lack of Capital for a Green field site Need for Change: ? CCI needs to differentiate itself from the competitors in order to grow in the business. ? They need to concentrate on the process improvements in order to get the best out of the existing infrastructure. Performance Gap (Disparity between existing and desired performance levels. ? SWOT (if possible ) Implementing the Change: Vision of the company [pic] Vision â€Å"We aspire to be the world steel industry benchmark for value creation and corporate citizenship. † Value creation Corus differentiates itself through innovation and delivering leading edge solution from its competitors for company’s growth. Steel industry is the big market. The raw material i s inexpensive. In order to standing out from the crowd, Corus add value creation by offering premium products and services. They used TQM, continuous improvement and KPI to create value and meet customer satisfaction. Corporate citizenship Corus trains its workers on how to act with a sense of responsibility, integrity and respect. They provide knowledge how the production flow and how to eliminate cost and waste. This can help Corus to work effective, reduce unnecessary cost, on the other hand, this process is also concern about environment as well. Work Culture Team work is one of the key factors in Corus. Manager coordinated with 40 Coaches for facilitating improvement training. Corus believes that success is from emerges from the person engagement with the company, not just depend on employees’ expertise and effort. It In order to create engagement, Corus encourage two way communications. Employees can forward their comments on the points that they think those will help to improve organization or how to change to make better. Everyone in organization understand and support the plan. Workshops have taken place to explain company’s vision and why some small and continuous change is very important to different Corus from its competitiors. TQM (Pg 593) TQM Techniques: Continuous Improvement ? Since they found that they can improve the performance by reducing the Waste they dealt with Lean Production Model. o Lean Production Model o (If possible we can include Horizontal Linkages Pg 325) This is for taking the process maps in the Manufacturing process and identifying the change. o KPIs ? Quality Circles (CI Coaches) ? Reduced Cycle Time (Lead time) ? Bench Marking Implementation Tactics: (Pg 342) ? Communication and Education ? Participation Top Management Support Conclusion? KPI is the measuring tool for helping organization defines how successful it is in each area that want to measure. Without measuring tool, organization will not know how well they are, whether For Corus, they use KPI to measure the backlog of customer orders, meeting targets for rolling steel plat. After they get the KPI result, they can review result internally among each division and then compare, benchmark with their competitors and other produc ers in Steel industry. Without KPI and benchmark, they will not know how well they are and what their standing point in the steel market. KPIs can be help to answer the question, â€Å"What is the area that they are good at? † â€Å"How well they can control inventory? †Ã‚   â€Å"What are the areas that they should improve in order to get customer satisfaction? KPI is a key part of a measurable objective, which is made up of a direction, KPI, benchmark, target, and time frame. KPI help to evaluation the progress towards its vison and long-term goals.

A Single Case Evaluation of the Link Between Stress During and After Yoga Practice

A Single Case Evaluation of the Link Between Stress During and After Yoga Practice This is a description of a single case evaluation examining a relationship between stress during a test before practicing yoga and after practicing yoga. A single case evaluation is defined as a time series design used to evaluate the impact of an intervention or a policy change on individual cases or systems (Rubin Babbie, 2014). Stress during a test will be lower if the student participates in yoga on a daily basis. The observable indicators for my independent variable in the single case evaluation would be negative. It is negative because there is a significant problem present. In considering operational definitions some students not that practitioners might rely on the client’s complaint that a particular problem requires attention. Practitioners are using an operational definition that is they are persuaded to work on a problem on the basis of their observation of the extent of the client’s expressed difficulty or dissatisfaction with the problem. Thus, they could take prepared measures simply by having the clients indicate daily on a belief scale the degree of difficulty they felt they experienced with the problem that day (Rubin Babbie, 2014) For the case of my single case evaluation (stress levels during a test before and after yoga), the stress test could be used to test the level of stress in a person. The test would be done before the academic test. I would then participate in yoga and see if my stress levels go down before taking another academic test. Sources of Data When considering alternative sources of data (available records, interviews, self- report scales, or direct behavioral observation) (Rubin Babbie, 2014) Sources of data for my particular case would be the stress test or even direct behavioral observation in direct behavioral observation I would participate in self- monitoring where I would observe how I am feeling after participating in yoga before my test. Triangulation Triangulation is the use of two or three indicators. It refers to situations in which researcher are confronted with a multiplicity of imperfect measurement options, each having advantages and disadvantages. To maximize the chances that the hypothesized variation in the dependent variable will be detected, the researcher triangulates measures more than one measurement option is used (Rubin Babbie, 2014) In the case of my evaluation of stress during a test before doing yoga and after doing yoga the evaluators could also look at how hard the class is and also see if there is other factors stressing the student out that caused the high stress levels before the test. Data quantification procedures Frequency distribution is description of the number of time the various attributes of a variable are observed in a sample. Magnitude is the size or extent of something. Duration is the time in which something occurs. For my case I could use many of these terms. The one term that can be applied the most is duration. I could look at how long before the test does the stress occur and even examine how long the stress last. Baseline Baselines are control phases of repeated measures taken before an intervention is introduced. Ideally should be extended until a stable trend in the data is evident (Rubin Babbie, 2014). Five days leading up to the test the student had high levels of stress. There was a steady trend of stress. After the stress level test (the cardiac test) the levels of stress decreased. The test that I would be using to test the level of stress would be the cardiac test. The cardiac test consist of someone running on a treadmill as the level of stress is being calculated on a monitor. Intervention When looking up the definition of intervention variable the book referred me to mediating variable. Mediating variable is the mechanism by which am independent affected a dependent variable (Rubin Babbie, 2014). When it came to the intervention variable (yoga) my stress level dropped from a 4 to a 5. It stayed consistent on a 4 after my intervention was added. Visual Statistical The stress level before and after yoga was very similar. There was some changes, but not a change that was that noticeable. My intervention of yoga was not affective for the level of stress while taking a test. Substantive There really was no change in my numbers. The stress level did not decrease that much after the student participating in yoga.

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Economic - Essay Example The following table and chart can help us get an idea: â€Å"The main engine of growth is the accumulation of human capital† and â€Å"the main source of differences in living standards among nations is the difference in human capital. Physical capital plays an essential but decidedly subsidiary role† (Bardhan and Udry, 2008, p.266). Human capital has several aspects, including education, training and health. Human capital is considered to be a key determination of economic growth. Investment in human capital benefits individuals and society as a whole. Countries with skilled people grew faster. While develop economics have always emphasized the importance of education in the develop process. Better education generates private gains to the individual and public benefits to society. By the expansion of knowledge it can enable the people to overcome ignorance and superstitions. Without literacy or, to be more precise, perfect education, economic growth in any country is impossible. It can become only lopsided and flawed unless corrective reassures are taken. Jobless growth implies situation where the overall economic growth but does not expand sufficient employment opportunities. ‘Futureless growth’ implies a situation where growth occurs but its effect is not positive on future generation and is adverse. According to Mahatma Gandhi, â€Å"education, which does not teach us to discriminate between good or bad, to assimilate the one and eschew the other, is a misnomer† (Rao, 1991, p.2). The purpose of literacy and education is not only to make our children literate and merely develop individual skills but also to make them appropriate human being with positive and integrated elements of their respective societies. Education means drawing out the best of the body, mind and spirit in man. He believed learning by doing and was of the opinion that the knowledge through education, subjects

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English - Essay Example This paper is a critical evaluation of food insecurity in Nigeria, detailing the causes, effects as well as responses being made to solve the dilemma. Food Insecurity in Nigeria Nigeria is a West African country, where food insecurity has continued to compromise the health and lives of citizens especially children, who are most vulnerable. Statistics indicate that more than 40% of children in the country are suffering from chronic malnutrition, which is a major threat to the future of this generation (Omotor 2009). This is due to the fact that malnutrition is a common recipe for poor growth and development in children, which may lead to poor academic performance and intellectual development. It is sad to note that the government of Nigeria is doing little to rescue these children. One way of doing this would be to introduce a free feeding system in government schools, whereby these children would be provided at least with a single meal containing all the basic requirements of a balan ced diet. In this context, the government should observe what countries such as Ghana are dealing with malnutrition in school going children. Apparently, Ghana has already put the system to work, with the government allocating $347.4 million to the program, which will be running for 5 years (Alderman 2009). It is said that the government of Nigeria had plans to execute a similar program but it has been observed that such a plan was never implemented hence the high rate of malnutrition in children. It may be important to note that approximately 60% of Nigeria’s population is malnourished (Omotor 2009). Rural urban migration in Nigeria is also a problem, which has contributed significantly to food insecurity in the country. This is due to the fact that it encourages the movement of young and able bodied citizens from the rural areas, leaving the weak and the vulnerable people to engage in food production. It is important to note that, in order to realize viable food production, a farmer requires putting a lot of efforts in caring for the crops thus the need for manpower to perform activities such as weeding, spraying pesticides, harvesting among others. In this context, Nigerian farmers in the rural areas are faced with scarcity of human resources, which has resulted to an increase in wages demanded by manual laborers, who take advantage of the high demand for their services. Consequently, this has made it difficult for farmers to afford the costs, especially due to the poverty factor, such that they have developed a habit of skipping these important activities (Olayemi 2003). The government has played a major role in facilitating this problem due to the fact that it has neglected the rural areas by failing to improve social amenities and infrastructure, which has continued to discourage people, especially young school leavers, from settling in these areas. Lack of decentralization of resources and Corruption in the government have been identified as majo r contributing factors, which have slowed down development such that majority of roads especially in the rural areas are in total disrepair or absent all together. With impassable roads, it becomes difficult and expensive to transport farm products form producing areas to the markets, which combined with high fuel prices results to increased food

What dose future hold for organanized labor in the u.s commercial Research Paper

What dose future hold for organanized labor in the u.s commercial aviation industry - Research Paper Example The decline in organized labor was to such an extent that by the beginning of the 21st century, it represented less than 10% of private sector workers although in the public sector organized labor still represented about 35% of all workers. In 2005, there was another setback to organized labor, when two of America’s most powerful unions – SEIU and Teamsters – resigned from AFL-CIO. The commercial aviation industry has been undergoing several setbacks due to rising prices for jet fuel, increasing uneasiness about the legacy carriers moving towards bankruptcy which can disrupt the market place, and issues such as public liability potential for unfounded pensions of major carriers (ENO, 2005). Strategies in the commercial aviation and airlines industry has been evolving based on two factors – growing concern for passenger safety and ever increasing and changing consumer demands and expectations (Appelbaum & Fewster, 2003). The strategy thus has to focus on ho w the HR department aligns the activities, policies and procedures with the employee and labor relations. Despite these challenges, passengers traveling by air is on the rise and is expected to double by 2025 (ENO, 2005). The aircraft operations are expected to triple which implies that public confidence in safety is back to normal. It is feared that public safety may be taken for granted in the future, which could lead to under funding of safety measures. It is very important that Air Traffic Management (ATM) system handles the growing congestion in the skies efficiently and safely. However, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the past two decades had failed to bring about significant improvement. There are inefficiencies built into the current labor contracts within the airline labor unions. According to a union representative the airline management cannot ‘plead temporary insanity’ regarding the

Disney Summer Internship Training Program Evaluation Essay

Disney Summer Internship Training Program Evaluation - Essay Example Reaction – This is how the learners reacted to the learning process. The reaction in this case might be positive or negative. 2. Learning – This step tries to gauge the level at which the learners acquire knowledge and skills. 3. Behavior – This step seeks to find out what changes in the job performance were as a result of the learning process. 4. Results – this step concerns itself with finding out the results that arise from the learning process in terms of increased efficiency of operations and improved production and quality. (Kirkpatrick, 1959) This model is relatively important as it provides a valuable tool in the process of planning, trouble shooting and evaluation. But though this level is used for training purposes, the model can also be used for other applications in the learning processes such as informal learning, education and development (Nadler, 1984). Kirkpatrick wrote that his objectives would be related to the traditional classroom progr ams, the most general form of training. He further stated that many of the procedures and principles can be applied to all manner of training activities that includes participation in outside programs, performance review, planned instruction, and the comprehension of selected books (Craig, 1996). This paper would seek to evaluate the Disney Internship training program plan. In the paper, the plan will be weighed according to Kirkpatrick's model to find out what changes should be made to the plan, if the objectives of the plan were achieved, the strength and weaknesses of the plan, to identify the people that should participate in future programs, what participants benefited the most and what changes, if any, should be made to the program to make it better. The objective of this training plan is to increase the quality of service provided by interns through the dissemination of knowledge to them that they can use and apply to their workplace to improve their efficiency and productivi ty. Another objective of the plan would be to increase the number of students who would come back to the organization to work as full time employees. This is because, after the intern training program, they would have been introduced into the working world and trained as full level employees. Further, the plan will introduce a seminar course so as to enable the interns to share in the culture of Disney. This is whereby the interns will be introduced to the various activities that go on in the organization. This will fast track their intake into the work force of the organization, boosting their individual confidence and the overall performance of the organization. The plan would also enable the interns to network with the managers and high level employees of Disney and this will open up even more opportunities for them. The training methods in this training plan will include the use of the standard in-class training alongside other techniques of training including the use of simulat ions, behavior modeling, mentoring, on the job training and job rotation. These various methods of training will aid the intern in mastering the necessary skills required for the job. These methods of training will guide an individual more comprehensively as it seeks to not only impart the knowledge needed, but also to give a hand on approach to tackling the job. Using this plan will improve the efficiency of the intern in retaining the skills imparted. Job

Laws and Codes in Hebrew and Mesopotamia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Laws and Codes in Hebrew and Mesopotamia - Essay Example They had followed these laws for many years to dictate their way of life including marriage, children, worship, and family values among others. It is through these doctrines that the understanding to their concerns and values is derived1. Concerns of Hebrews and Mesopotamians The Hebrews and Mesopotamians concerns and apprehensions are based on their law codes from ancient times. In this respect, these cultures believed that disobeying the laws of the Lord would result to punishment. According to the First Book of Moses, called Genesis2it is written that from the start Adam and Eve were punished by God for eating fruit from the forbidden tree. This clarifies that disobedience of God’s laws and commands has serious repercussions to the society. Further, the book cites that the Hebrews and Mesopotamians were expected to live a life without sin. Sins and wickedness caused the people to lose favor with God just as it is written about the time of Noah. The people in the era of Noah sinned greatly against God and he had to destroy the entire world. Noah and his family together with the animals in the world were saved because he was the only person devoid of sin3. God’s curse was a concern for the Hebrews because it meant that the person would have to die. The laws and codes of the Hebrews declared that God would place a curse against people who wronged prophets ordained by God. They were expected to listen to the words of God’s messengers else, they had to suffer the curse. For instance, the First Book of Moses, called Genesis speaks of king Pharaoh who stole the wife of Abraham and God sent a curse inform of plague into his household. The Hebrews and Mesopotamians were also concerned about the worship ofidol gods. God had forbidden the worship of idols and required all the people to worship him alone. In the same manner, they had to deter from mentioning the name of God in vain since it is a way of ignorance of his words. This requires people to worship the Lord but not joke in his name for punishment would be placed upon them. These ancient communities were not expected to kill, steal, or commit acts of adultery within the society. Such grave sins were punishable through death and God’s anger would be upon those that disobeyed his commands. In addition, the Hebrew and Mesopotamian people were expected to respect each other and not steal each other house or wives. It was clear that any person that hit or disrespected the parents were to be put to death without any mercy4. The Values of ancient Hebrews and Mesopotamians The ancient Hebrews and Mesopotamians were people who worshipped God without ceasing. They did the worship through prayers, tithing, and thanksgiving festivals, which were conducted as often as possible. Through the book of Genesis, the Hebrews and Mesopotamians worked the entire week but on the seventh day, it was a day to rest and focused on worshipping the Lord. They cleansed their bodies by washin g their clothes and further, entered the temple to worship God. The altar was placed in the God’s temple as a place where they gave their offerings and sacrifices to the Almighty God. Through these offerings, the people received God mercy and blessing in their lives. For instance, the Book of Genesis speaks of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob who offered sacrifices, worshipped God, and in return received abundant blessings for them and their descendants5. The Hebrews and Mesopotamians established a covenant with God to remain true to his will. In this respect, they believed God as the sole provider, protector, and giver of life whom they depended entirely. A covenant was made between God and Israelites to circumcise their male children eight days after birth. This was to show that they belonged to God

Digital Evidence & Legal Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Digital Evidence & Legal Issues - Research Paper Example The innovative ways of gathering digital evidence are so diverse that the structures created for the conventional investigations usually no longer work for the new (Richard, Golden, & Roussev, 2006). For instance, rules that are applied by criminal investigators when confronted with privacy versus security scenarios relative to physical crime probes, usually results in astonishing outcomes in the search for digital evidence. They allow extraordinarily invasive investigatory processes to go unchecked in some cases, and yet permit incredible threats to privacy to turn legitimate investigations into a cropper. Court rulings and Congressional laws, have shored-up the weaknesses of the search for digital evidence and the prosecution of the suspects in the United States, nonetheless. Criminal evidence procedure The investigation process in regard to digital evidence, such as in system intrusion cases usually is split into three stages: It starts with the gathering of stored traces of facts from third-party databases, turns next to potential scrutiny of the exhibits, before the forensic probe of the suspected criminal’s hardware wraps up the process (Daniel, & Daniel, 2012). These three stages fulfil the primary objectives of gathering digital evidence: they include; gathering digital evidence on traffic, gathering digital evidence kept on the servers operated by cooperative third parties, and gathering digital evidence kept with unfriendly parties, which may include the suspect. Each mechanism exposes unique pieces of evidence, and requires deeper scrutiny. Collection procedure of digital evidence According to Casey (2011), the procedure of collecting digital evidence is long, tedious and sometimes yields negligible outcomes. Nonetheless, computer forensics specialists have crafted a comprehensive set of processes that forensic investigators ordinarily adhere to, when they capture and scrutinize a suspect’s computer and or related hardware. First, the i nvestigators ordinarily confiscate the computer and take it to a government forensic laboratory for analysis. This is important because the analysis of the exhibit is a time-consuming process; computer specialists, usually cannot locate the evidence on a hard drive during a search operation. At the forensic lab, the specialists begin by creating a â€Å"bitstream† image of the computer hard drive. The â€Å"bitstream† is an exact copy of all the bits and bytes kept on the hardware. The expert then carries out investigations on the â€Å"bitstream† in order to avoid any damages or alteration to the original hard drive during investigation. The crime analyst may explore different approaches such as executing successive searches for certain extensions, terms, or textual clues that match the nature of evidence sought. Alternatively, the investigator may scan through all documents bearing particular features on the sample, until there is enough proof that links the s uspect to the offense is achieved. For instance, if these techniques proved to be fruitful, and that an evaluation of the suspect’s computer reveals proof of the hacking of a company’s database, the suspect will face criminal charges (Richard, Golden, & Roussev, 2006). The prosecution will call upon

Wiiliam Grimes Dough a la mode Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wiiliam Grimes Dough a la mode - Essay Example expense accounts and tax write-offs for company meals could be manipulated and massaged to present a situation in which the diner is able to reward his/her guests and himself/herself with a delicious meal while seeking to write this luxury off on an expense report (Grimes 1). Such a practice is becoming more and more common in the current business setting as individuals seek to maximize their own happiness/utility while on business trips while all the time reneging on the expenses through various â€Å"imaginative† accounting procedures that either help to shift the burden of payment onto the company they are employed by or even ultimately to the taxpayer via a tax write off at the end of the year. In this way, the author’s work can be understood to present a topic of responsibility. Even though the author himself does not feel guilty for spending large amounts of money on the food that he samples, he realizes the reason is because it is his job to do so. However, with individuals that are merely attempting to game the system and get something for nothing, the situation is altogether different. Grimes, William. "FOOD; Dough A La Mode." The New York Times. The New York Times, 06 June 2004. Web. 06 Nov. 2012.

Monastic Art Essay Example for Free

Monastic Art Essay Monastic Art is subdivided in two genres the monastic ascetic art form and the aesthetic art form (Sekules 77). The portrayal of saints in the monasteries is a common theme and narrows it down to the whole religious visionaries and deities which produced those visions. The entire monastic sphere was dedicated to placing oneself in a position to receive sacred communication from God; hence it is not surprising that monasteries and convents heavily sought for visual representation of their favorite saints or God. In medieval times, monastic art was commonly etched on ceilings, walls, and frescoes to draw the viewer into a realm of holiness to enrich the artistic and religious experience. As aforementioned monastic life could either be ascetic which falls in line with the austere lives of the monks or it could be highly beautified which displayed all the wealth and glamor of the Medieval Catholic Church. Most monastic art are derived from the Byzantine model were paintings were very embellished, attractive, symbolic, and magnificent in size. At the Abbey of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas, Spain, there are the Berenguela knitted cushion covers and skillfully decorated gloves, overlaid with gold and scarlet (1275). This highly decorated covers are in memoriam of Prince Fernando de la Cerda (Shadis 168). Benedictine Monasteries The Rule of St. Benedict required them to withdraw from the world into a communal life organized around prayer so that their spiritual inclinations were not directed to other areas of conformity† (Sekules 61). Because of this policy art work conforms to the standards of the monastery. Jesus Christ, Catholic saints, monasteries, the virgin Mary, holy mother and child paintings are all regular images of the medieval monastery. Benedictine monasteries boasted a wide array of art such as An Illumination of Stephen Harding (1225) at the Abbey at Citeaux. In this classic, monastic painting there are two models of monasteries, handed by two Benedictine monks, one of which is the Englishman Stephen Harding himself, which are delivered up to the virgin Mary to sanction or reject. Benedictine cloisters featured â€Å"inscriptions in windows, stonework, paintings, and manuscripts† (Luxford 11). This type of veneration is called Cisternian illumination where there is a mystic connection and communication with the divine. Golden auras and golden thrones with elaborate architectured monasteries characterize this work. Another famous Benedictine art form is Benedict of Nursia (1435) displayed at the Abbey at Florence, Italy. This painting done by Frey Angelico exhibits the simple face of St. Benedict with a holy halo encircling his head, in a grave, solemn, pensive mood, similar to what one would expect in a monastic setting. Women in Power-Medieval Feminism: The Empowered Woman Before Mary Wollenstonecraft even crafted the Declaration of Women (1791), the embryonic signs of an emerging feminist movement were already visible. Due to religious, social, and cultural dogmas and restraints, women were confined to the private sphere, unable to take part in the activities and pursuits of men. Nevertheless, a few women have propelled themselves and unwittingly their female counterparts to a whole new dimension in the Middle Ages. The woman is a recurrent depiction in Medieval Art and Architecture, not to mention in an age where in the Marian cult (and even in the Greco-Latin mythology) was venerated as goddess, saint, and intercessor. Personification of places, whether cities or countries especially as regal or armed women, are one of the oldest forms of power symbolism†(Sekules 13). Several countries have depicted women at war as their national icons for example Roma, Germania, Brittanica, Sclavenia, Columbia, Athena, Italia Turrita, Hispania, Polonia, Europa etc. The women are either portrayed as martial, royal, or both. Medieval art demonstrated the empowerment of women, where women sometimes moved out of the home space and actively engaged in business, art, warfare, and politics. Joan of Arc One of the women who stands out is Joan of Arc. Historically, Joan of Arc is lauded as a liberator of France who bravely warred against England to set free her countrymen who labored under the British yoke. â€Å"Quite apart from her saintly character, Joan’s credibility as a military leader may have gained greater currency thanks to the classical tradition that personified the authority of war in female form† (Sekules 165). Art enables social criticism. Martin Le Franc sides with Joan of Arc unique personality both as a feminist and as a woman. Through his medieval portrayal of Joan of Arc both as a heroine, military hero, and spiritual icon, he embraces her as a daring woman. â€Å"Martin Le Franc in Le Champion des Dames, a work directly inspired by the quarrel about Le Roman de la Rose, takes Joan’s part against her detractors. Their arguments focus on her belligerence, her transvestism, and her condemnation by the Church† (Warner 220). In the late-Medieval painting â€Å"Le Champion des Dames† (1450), one observes Joan of Arc holding two white flags and flanked by them in a biblical setting. Although critics say that this portrayal is anachronistic, it voices volumes in asserting the sanctity of a patriot and prophetess who received visions and supernatural messages. â€Å"Christine was an admirer of Joan (of Arc’s) achievements and a defender when she needed it† (Sekules 165). Joan of Arc, a powerful woman, inspired another medieval woman in power, Christine de Pisan, who highly esteemed Joan as a valiant, holy, and still feminine woman. Christine De Pisan Another medieval woman which broke from the social norms and launched out into the space of art, literature, and religion is Christine de Pisan (1365-1434). One could argue that because of her aristocratic status she enjoyed many more liberties than the average woman of the Middle Ages; however open prejudice and misogynist ideologies against the woman existed and was encouraged against both the lower and upper classed woman. Christine de Pisan was literate, cultivated her artistic talent, and was mistress of her household (Christine de Pisan). Although today these characteristics seem ordinary, back in the medieval times, it was a rarity for a woman, even an aristocratic one to be qualified with all these talents. Christine de Pizan was born in Italy but married to a Frenchman. De Pisan was a prolific author as she produced several essays, poems, books, ballads, and epistles. The art piece of â€Å"Christine de Pisan Writing† is not as common as it seems for women were often relegated non-scholastic tasks for the general public deemed them inferior. In the depiction of De Pisan writing, the setting is clearly at an abbey or monastery. De Pizan was also the breadwinner of her family following her husband’s passing; therefore she emerged as one of the few women who made a livelihood from writing. Numerous medieval portraits of Christine de Pisan exist where she is either consulting with people in power such as Joan of Arc (Christine de Pisan Livres des Faits des Armes et de Chevalerie, 1409), diligently writing at an abbey (Christine de Pisan Writing), or educating her others (Christine de Pisan Instructing Her Son and Christine de Pisan Lecturing a Group of Men). Convents or nunneries in the medieval period. It can be argued that nunneries and convents â€Å"offered women an element of freedom† (Medieval Convent or Nunnery). At the convents, the nuns had most commodities at their disposal and were not bound to family responsibilities, for here they concentrated on God and pursued holiness in the secluded religious life. Nuns were also enfranchised to vote in an abbess or mother superior, who in turn would govern the affairs of the female community. Since medieval times, the nunnery also was fitted with hospitals, gardens, chapels, dormitories, libraries, and a school. As a result, nuns had the unique opportunity to be holistically educated and independent. This peculiar branch of female liberation fosters artistic exploration. Art work often has appeared at convents where nuns have drawn or invented masterpieces such as †¦ Second to Nun Paintings Medieval paintings also tended to focus on holy women: whether they be goddesses or cloistered nuns and mothers. One major medieval masterpiece shows Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179), a nun of St. Benedict of wrote books, plays, sermons, and poetry; practiced medicine, and functioned as advisor to monarchs and popes. Hildegard is indeed a medieval and modern-day feminist who was not afraid to hold and wield power even among men folk. A celebrated illustration of her is represented in Illumination from the Liber Scivias, 1151 where she receives a vision and transcribes it as a deity reveals it to her. This dynamic woman dictates the divine messages in a book called The Scivias. This portrait conveys the reality of the enlightened woman in all spheres. She too can be an instrument not only for familial purposes but in multifaceted way, contributing to society, religion, and culture. References: Christine de Pizan http://www. kirjasto. sci. fi/pizan. htm. Retrieved 06 May 2010 Les Enluminures Presents Women in Medieval Art http://www. lesenluminures. com/womencatalogue. pdf. Retrieved 06 May 2010 Luxford, Julian M. The Art and Architecture of English Benedictine Monasteries 1300-1540 A Patronage History. Boyell Press, United Kingdom, 2008. Medieval Convent or Nunnery http://www. middle-ages. org. uk/medieval-convent. nunnery. htm. Retrieved 06 May

Stricter Penalties on First-Time Drunk Driving Offenders Essay Example for Free

Stricter Penalties on First-Time Drunk Driving Offenders Essay According to a study done by Mothers Against Drunk Driving, one in three Americans will be in an accident involving a drunk driver during their lifetime (Phong). Something needs to be done to address this matter considering the frequency of these accidents, the fatality of many of these accidents, and the accessibility of alcohol in today’s culture. An increase in penalties for first time offenders could significantly lower this statistic by encouraging drivers to not repeat their offense. Understandably, some people make mistakes and can correct them after their first offense. However, a larger number of people repeat this offense and are found driving under the influence or intoxicated after their first offense. Stricter penalties and punishments should be established for first time offenders because most drivers are inclined to repeat their offense, drunk drivers impact other people, and the current laws are ineffective. Stricter penalties need to be established to show drivers the importance of driving sober. First time offenders are incredibly likely to drive drunk again simply because they think they can get away with it. According to various studies, first-time drunk driving offenders are on the road anywhere from 88 to 500 times before they are caught in the act of driving drunk (Mejeur). To drunk drivers, it is worth driving drunk and running the risk of getting caught because they believe the chances of them getting arrested are close to none. This mindset needs to be changed completely. Intoxicated drivers need to understand that it is not worth the risk of driving under the influence. When deciding whether or not to hit the road under the influence, the punishments need to out weigh the benefits of driving intoxicated in the drivers’ mind. Mejeur reveals in another article that â€Å"5% of alcohol related fatal crashes involved drivers with more that 5 previous DWI (driving while intoxicated) arrests† (9). This means their first five arrests for driving under the influence did not deter them. Stricter penalties will encourage drivers to choose not to repeat their actions. Finally, â€Å"39% of the country’s drunk driving cases involved second time offenders, and 11% involved third and fourth time offenders† (Phong). Even after being convicted of a drunk driving charge, 50% of these drivers chose to drive on the roads drunk, endangering thousands of people. Clearly the legal system is not efficient in discouraging drunk driving after a driver’s first offense. This just shows that most first-time drunk driving offenders choose to drive under the influence of alcohol multiple times before getting caught, and even after, they choose to continue this incredibly dangerous behavior. Stricter penalties will deter drivers from getting behind the wheel under the influence. Since the actions of drunk drivers not only affect themselves, but they also affect others, there need to be more severe punishments for drunk drivers. In just 2004, 320 people were killed by drunk drivers every week, which is â€Å"roughly the equivalent of a weekly plane crash killing everyone on board. If that were the case, no one would fly and the public would demand change† (Savage). Many people are killed by drunk drivers, but the public has become so accustomed to hearing about drunk driving accidents, that no ones seeks to change this, because it has become the norm. The truth is that the number of people killed by drunk drivers has increased since then, yet there has been little change. When a drunk driver takes a person’s life, that person’s family must live with that decision the drunk driver made to get behind the wheel, for the rest of their life. When drivers drink and drive, they put thousands and thousands of people in danger. Their actions reach much father than they even realize. Of children ages 14 and under who died in a car accident last year, in 16% of these accidents had alcohol as a factor (Messenger 2). These are innocent children who find themselves either in the car with a drunk driver, or the victim of an accident with another drunk driver. If penalties were stronger for first time offenders, the number of innocent children whose lives are taken would drop. There are so many sad stories of people loosing loved ones to the poor choices of drunk drivers. In a story published by The Washington Post, Michael Pangle was arrested in 2002 for drunk driving and was released to the custody of a friend that same night. His friend drove him to his car where he went to another bar, got behind the wheel, and got into an accident killing himself and another driver; a father of three on his way home (Phong 3). Not only did Pangle lose his life, but he also took the life of a father of three; a husband to their mother. The family will have to live with this loss the rest of their life. The actions of drunk drivers can affect innocent people for the rest of their life. Laws need to be made to try and prevent this irresponsible behavior. The final reason to enforce stricter penalties is that the penalties in place now have little to no affect on the drivers and often fail to do any justice. Pam Louwagie found that ? of drivers pulled over by a police officer decline to take a breath test which results in a suspended license. Failing the test means losing your license, facing a drunk driving conviction, fines, and potentially jail time. Drivers’ auto insurance jumps, jobs can be in jeopardy because they now have a prior offense on their record (3). The choice is clear for a driver pulled over that has been accused of drunk driving. The penalties for refusing the test are a lot less severe than taking the test and failing. According to findings by Joe Mahr, â€Å"When drivers refuse to take a breathalyzer test, the law allows them to appeal the one-year suspension in civil court. But most prosecutors bargain away the suspensions as part of plea deals in criminal DWI cases. The end result: Defendants admit to drunk driving and don’t miss one day of driving† (2). It is evident that drunk drivers have found a way around the legal system. It should not be that easy for drunk drivers to get off a charge and be allowed to continue driving on the roads. Even after putting so many people in danger, including themselves. Stricter penalties are a necessity. Another weakness of the legal system is at the trial and sentencing phase. If offenders do not show up for a trial, a warrant is issued. However, people on warrants are rarely tracked down unless they are involved in another crime (Mahr 2). They can potentially avoid prosecution indefinitely. Many offenders know how to work the system to their advantage. The legal projection and punishments of drunk drivers needs to be reevaluated. Too many drunk drivers get out of being convicted of DWIs or DUIs and can continue to drive drunk, endangering many people. Since most drunk drivers are inclined to repeat their offense, the actions of drunk drivers affect on others, and current laws are ineffective, stricter punishments need to be established. The number of fatalities as a result of drunk driving is only going to increase if no action is taken, causing pain to thousands and thousands of people. This irresponsible act needs to be addressed because drunk drivers continue to get behind the wheel everyday with no regard for the law or those they put in danger. By demanding change and encouraging stricter punishments for first time drunk driving offenders, the number of fatalities will decrease and drunk driving will become less of a problem all across the nation.

Literature Review: Play Work in Education

Literature Review: Play Work in Education Weisberg, D. S., Kittredge, A. K., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., Klahr, D. (2015). Making play work for education. Phi Delta Kappan, 96(8), 8-13. doi:10.1177/0031721715583955 The article encapsulates that in comparison to other forms of play, guided play is the most effective in enhancing the learning skills of children from a range of ages. Guided play incorporates play into education without compromising learning goals or suppressing childrens exploration, as its blend of child-directed play within an adult-initiated environment enables them to become in control of their own learning. This allows them to develop autonomy by forming their own decisions in regards to their upcoming actions and gaining skills to attain information. The balance between freedom and structure in guided-play is more effective than direct teaching or free play, as adults harness a childs appeal to play in the service of learning through scaffolding their actions. This in turn promotes the acceleration of long-term development and encourages better learning outcomes. Weisberg et al have utilised evidence to strengthen their claims and formulate a convincing argument to readers. The citations displayedenable readers to access the resources cited to confirm if the evidence is accurate and to investigate and delve deeper into the topic. This provides the opportunity for readers to gain a deeper understanding of the authors claim, which makes their argument more convincing. The multiple citations also suggest that the authors engaged in an in-depth research, depicting that they share a thorough understanding of play, creating a convincing argument. The citations further suggest that other academic scholars share the same perspective about guided-play as Weisberg et al, making the article more potent. Additionally, multiple examples of studies strengthen the claim of the authors as they provide evidence of how ideas translate into practice. For example, one of the studies provided portrayed that children engaging in guided-play outperformed those who engaged in free-play, whilst learning vocabulary (Dickinson et al., 2013), thus validating the argument of the authors. Moreover, the use of direct quotations emphasise the point of the authors in a concise manner whilst providing strong supporting evidence, making a stronger claim. Majority of the arguments presented are highly convincing as the findings used to support them do not have alternative explanations. However, few cases within the article can be interpreted in another manner, weakening the authors claim. For example Weisberg (2015) claims that the relationship between learning and play is intrinsically linked through guided play. Although factual, this finding could also support a different argument such as the link between learning and free-play, as all play acts as a catalyst of learning. A comparison of the article to alternative readings enables the audience to articulate the strength of the claims made by Weisberg et al. Both Barblett (2010) and Weisberg et al (2015) propose the significance of adults preparing different environments in which child-initiated play can take place. Barblett (2010) explores how creating an intellectual environment prompts children to question activities they are partaking in, which extends their knowledge. This relates to Weisbergs notion of scaffolding, which like an intellectual environment, enables children to assimilate information at their own pace. Weisberg also suggests the importance of preparing a physical environment as it assists children in self-directed exploration and learning. Likewise, Barblett conveys that physical environments provoke and encourage children to engage in exploration and learning during play. Additionally, Brock (2013) exhibits the importance of adults creating rich learning environments as they enable children to fulfil their learning potential. Weisberg and others (2015) explore the significance of children becoming the driving force of their upcoming actions as well as what they desire to explore and how. This is similar to Goldschmeid (1987) theory of heuristic play as it involves self-exploration, which like Weisbergs concept, enables children to become in control of their upcoming actions and decide how they want to utilise the object. Furthermore, Weisberg et al (2015) suggest that elements of guided-play accompanied by direct teaching was the most productive strategy for children to learn. Including direct-teaching in guided-play diminishes the sense of child-directed play, thus becoming unenjoyable. This is supported by (Fisher, 2002) who claims that when adults continually drive learning experiences, golden opportunities for learning are missed. Moreover, Weisbergs perspective differs to Follaris (2013) concept of project work as children are in control of their learning process as they investigate areas of their own choosing. As a result, children are able to formulate concepts and engage in creative thinking which is essential for learning. Like Follari, Touhill (2012) presents the importance of project work as it enables children to exercise their growing sense of agency and autonomy and promote inquiry, curiosity and exploration.

Acid Rain Essay -- Environmental Science

INTRODUCTION The term acid rain refers to the process of deposition or precipitation of hydrogen ions with a pH value below 5.0, in the atmosphere. These acidic substances are produced by the pollutants on the earth that are airborne. These acidic precipitates will pour down as water droplets along with normal rain water whose pH lie between 5.0 and 5.6 creating hazardous effects on the living organisms of earth. HISTORY The cause of acid rain is mainly due to industrial pollutants. Acid rain was first reported during the Industrial Revolution in England in 1852.A Scottish chemist by name Robert Angus Smith discovered the same. [Briney A, 2001]However the term ‘Acid Rain’ was coined in the year 1972 by the scientist in his book,†Air and Rain: The Beginnings of Chemical Climatology â€Å".Awareness towards acid rain started to increase rapidly among people from then on. In today’s date even a small kid is taught about acid rain and made to understand the importance of preserving the environment from pollution. ACID RAIN FORMATION Air is polluted by both natural and artificial sources. The major contributors of acid rain are the oxides of sulphur and oxides of nitrogen. These oxides released through pollutants settle in the atmosphere. They then combine with the moisture in the atmosphere to form acid rain. The acid rain thus collected in the cloud gets released along with the raindrops of normal water thereby forming acid rain [J.N.B Bell, 1981] .The rain water that pours down will obviously contain the most harmful sulphuric acid and nitric acid. The effects created by this acid rain unimaginable. They just burn the living being alive in seconds creating a permanent destruction to the earth. CAUSES As seen earlier, the major con... ...hould take care that we do not become the root cause for the day on which the whole world will get drenched in acid rain. Nature is precious. Every individual must realize this fact and start their action to create a green and clean environment in future, as always prevention is better than cure! Works Cited Briney A, The Causes, History and Effects of Acid Rain, 2001 J.N.B Bell, An update on acid rain: A UK Viewpoint, 1981 Lane C A, Acid Rain –Overview and Abstracts, 2003 Epa, Available at, http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html, Accessed on 13th August 2010 Wolosz T, Effects of Acid Rain, SUNY Plattsburgh States College, New York, 2005 Trotman G, Acid rain – A review of the phenomenon in the EEC & Europe, 1983 Kneese A, Measuring the benefits of clean air and water, 1984 BrimbleCombe P, Acid Rain –Deposition to Recovery, 2007

Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: The Rotting of the Spirit :: Picture Dorian Gray Essays

The Rotting of the Spirit in The Picture of Dorian Gray      Ã‚  Ã‚   Oscar Wilde, author of The Picture of Dorian Gray, makes Basil's life change drastically by having him paint a portrait of Dorian Gray and express too much of himself in it, which, in Wilde's mind, is a troublesome obstacle to circumvent. â€Å"Wilde believes that the artist should not portray any of himself in his work, so when Basil does this, it is he who creates his own downfall, not Dorian† (Shewan 36).    Wilde introduces Basil to Dorian when Basil begins to notice Dorian staring at him at a party. Basil "suddenly became conscious that someone was looking at [him]. [He] turned halfway around and saw Dorian Gray for the first time" (Wilde 24). Basil immediately notices him, however Basil is afraid to talk to him. His reason for this is that he does "not want any external influence in [his] life" (Wilde 24). This is almost a paradox in that it is eventually his own internal influence that destroys him. Wilde does this many times throughout the book. He loved using paradoxes and that is why Lord Henry, the character most similar to Wilde, is quoted as being called "Price Paradox."    Although Dorian and Basil end up hating each other, they do enjoy meeting each other for the first time. Basil finds something different about Dorian. He sees him in a different way than he sees other men. Dorian is not only beautiful to Basil, but he is also gentle and kind. This is when Basil falls in love with him and begins to paint the picture. Basil begins painting the picture, but does not tell anyone about it, including Dorian, because he knows that there is too much of himself in it. Lord Henry discovers the painting and asks Basil why he will not display it. Lord Henry thinks that it is so beautiful it should be displayed in a museum. Basil argues that the reason he will not display the painting is because he is "afraid that [he] has shown in it the secret of his soul" (Wilde 23). This is another paradox because he has not only shown the secret of his soul, but the painting eventually comes to show the secret of Dorian's soul also.      In the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde explains that "to reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim" (Wilde 17).

Inside The League by Scott Anderson, and Jon Lee Anderson :: Inside The League Scott Anderson

Inside The League by Scott Anderson, and Jon Lee Anderson   Ã‚  Ã‚   For over ten years progressive researchers in this country and in Europe have been uncovering evidence linking certain American conservatives and rightists to racist and fascist movements around the globe through a shadowy organization called the World Anti-Communist League. Now the book "Inside the League" exposes the hidden nature of the League and documents in devastating detail a parade of League-affiliated authoritarian ideologues marching from the death camps of Nazi Germany into the parlors of Reagan's White House. The idea for the book came when Jon Lee Anderson was researching a series of columns on Latin American death squads for Jack Anderson, (Jon Lee's employer but not his relative). Enlisting the aid of his brother Scott, the two first began tracing the connections between the death squads but soon were unravelling networks and alliances that involved terrorists, Nazi collaborators, racists, assassins, anti-Jewish bigots, and right- wing anti-communist American politicians. The one factor all had in common was their involvement with the World Anti-Communist League.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Latin American death squads, for instance, were found to be linked through an umbrella group of Central and South American rightists called the Latin American Anti-Communist Confederation (CAL). CAL in turn was affiliated with the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), lead by a retired U.S. Major General, John Singlaub.   Singlaub boasts WACL is the coordinating body for raising private aid for the Contras, a task support ed explicitly by the Reagan White House which has sent government officials and glowing letters of support to WACL meetings in recent years.   Ã‚  Ã‚   WACL also serves as an umbrella for several Eastern European emigre groups founded and lead by Nazi collaborators, and there is far more. As the Anderson brothers write:   Ã‚  Ã‚   "We have examined the World Anti-Communist League...because it is the one organization in which representatives of virtually every right-wing extremist movement that has practiced unconventional warfare are to be found. The League is the one constant in this netherworld; whether looking at Croation terrorists, Norwegian neo-Nazis, Japanese war criminals, or American ultra-rightists...." (p. x, Author's Note).   Ã‚  Ã‚   WACL is more than a club for aging facists and their modern- day

Chapter 18 Moony, Wormtail, Padfoot, and Prongs

It took a few seconds for the absurdity of this statement to sink in. Then Ron voiced what Harry was thinking. â€Å"You're both mental.† â€Å"Ridiculous!† said Hermione faintly. â€Å"Peter Pettigrew's dead!† said Harry. â€Å"He killed him twelve years ago!† He pointed at Black, whose face twitched convulsively. â€Å"I meant to,† he growled, his yellow teeth bared, â€Å"but little Peter got the better of me†¦not this time, though!† And Crookshanks was thrown to the floor as Black lunged at Scabbers; Ron yelled with pain as Black's weight fell on his broken leg. â€Å"Sirius, NO!† Lupin yelled, launching himself forwards and dragging Black away from Ron again, â€Å"WAIT! You can't do it just like that — they need to understand — we've got to explain –â€Å" â€Å"We can explain afterwards!† snarled Black, trying to throw Lupin off. One hand was still clawing the air as it tried to reach Scabbers, who was squealing like a piglet, scratching Ron's face and neck as he tried to escape. â€Å"They've — got — a — right — to — know — everything!† Lupin panted, still trying to restrain Black. â€Å"Ron's kept him as a pet! There are parts of it even I don't understand, and Harry — you owe Harry the truth, Sirius!† Black stopped struggling, though his hollowed eyes were still fixed on Scabbers, who was clamped tightly under Ron's bitten, scratched, and bleeding hands. â€Å"All right, then,† Black said, without taking his eyes off the rat. â€Å"Tell them whatever you like. But make it quick, Remus. I want to commit the murder I was imprisoned for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You're nutters, both of you,† said Ron shakily, looking round at Harry and Hermione for support. â€Å"I've had enough of this. I'm off.† He tried to heave himself up on his good leg, but Lupin raised his wand again, pointing it at Scabbers. â€Å"You're going to hear me out, Ron,† he said quietly. â€Å"Just keep a tight hold on Peter while you listen.† â€Å"HE'S NOT PETER, HE'S SCABBERS!† Ron yelled, trying to force the rat back into his front pocket, but Scabbers was fighting too hard; Ron swayed and overbalanced, and Harry caught him am pushed him back down to the bed. Then, ignoring Black, Harry turned to Lupin. â€Å"There were witnesses who saw Pettigrew die,† he said. â€Å"A whole street full of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"They didn't see what they thought they saw!† said Black savagely, still watching Scabbers struggling in Ron's hands. â€Å"Everyone thought Sirius killed Peter,† said Lupin, nodding. â€Å"I believed it myself — until I saw the map tonight. Because the Marauder's map never lies†¦Peter's alive. Ron's holding him, Harry.† Harry looked down at Ron, and as their eyes met, they agreed, silently: Black and Lupin were both out of their minds. Their story made no sense whatsoever. How could Scabbers be Peter Pettigrew? Azkaban must have unhinged Black after all — but why was Lupin playing along with him? Then Hermione spoke, in a trembling, would-be calm sort of voice, as though trying to will Professor Lupin to talk sensibly. â€Å"But Professor Lupin†¦Scabbers can't be Pettigrew†¦it just can't be true, you know it can't†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Why can't it be true?† Lupin said calmly, as though they were in class, and Hermione had simply spotted a problem in an experiment with Grindylows. â€Å"Because†¦ because people would know if Peter Pettigrew had been an Animagus. We did Animagi in class with Professor McGonagall. And I looked them up when I did my homework — the Ministry of Magic keeps tabs on witches and wizards who can become animals; there's a register showing what animal they become, and their markings and things†¦and I went and looked Professor McGonagall up on the register, and there have been only seven Animagi this century, and Pettigrew's name wasn't on the list.† Harry had barely had time to marvel inwardly at the effort Hermione put into her homework, when Lupin started to laugh. â€Å"Right again, Hermione!† he said. â€Å"But the Ministry never knew that here used to be three unregistered Animagi running around Hogwarts.† â€Å"If you're going to tell them the story, get a move on, Remus,† said Black, who was still watching Scabbers's every desperate move. â€Å"I've waited twelve years, I'm not going to wait much longer.† â€Å"All right†¦but you'll need to help me, Sirius,† said Lupin, â€Å"I only know how it began†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lupin broke off. There had been a loud creak behind him. The bedroom door had opened of its own accord. All five of them stared at it. Then Lupin strode toward it and looked out into the landing. â€Å"No one there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"This place is haunted!† said Ron. â€Å"It's not,' said Lupin, still looking at the door in a puzzled way. â€Å"The Shrieking Shack was never haunted†¦The screams and howls the villagers used to hear were made by me.† He pushed his graying hair out of his eyes, thought for a moment then said, â€Å"That's where all of this starts — with my becoming a werewolf, None of this could have happened if I hadn't been bitter†¦and if I hadn't been so foolhardy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looked sober and tired. Ron started to interrupt, but Hermione, said, â€Å"Shh!† She was watching Lupin very intently. â€Å"I as a very small boy when I received the bite. My parents tried everything, but in those days there was no cure. The potion that Professor Snape has been making for me is a very recent discovery. It makes me safe, you see. As long as I take it in the week, preceding the full moon, I keep my mind when I transform†¦I'm able to curl up in my office, a harmless wolf, and wait for the moon to wane again. â€Å"Before the Wolfsbane Potion was discovered, however, I became a fully fledged monster once a month. It seemed impossible that I would be able to come to Hogwarts. Other parents weren't likely to want their children exposed to me. â€Å"But then Dumbledore became Headmaster, and he was sympathetic. He said that as long as we took certain precautions, there was no reason I shouldn't come to school†¦.† Lupin sighed, and looked directly at Harry. â€Å"I told you, months ago, that the Whomping Willow was planted the year I came to Hogwarts. The truth is that it was planted because I came to Hogwarts. This house† — Lupin looked miserably around the room, — â€Å"the tunnel that leads to it — they were built for my use. Once a month, I was smuggled out of the castle, into this place, to transform. The tree was placed at the tunnel mouth to stop anyone coming across me while I was dangerous.† Harry couldn't see where this story was going, but he was listening raptly all the same. The only sound apart from Lupin's voice was Scabbers's frightened squeaking. â€Å"My transformations in those days were — were terrible. It is very painful to turn into a werewolf. I was separated from humans to bite, so I bit and scratched myself instead. The villagers heard the noise and the screaming and thought they were hearing particularly violent spirits. Dumbledore encouraged the rumor†¦Even now, when the house has been silent for years, the villagers don't dare approach it†¦.† â€Å"But apart from my transformations, I was happier than I had ever been in my life. For the first time ever, I had friends, three great friends. Sirius Black†¦Peter Pettigrew†¦and, of course, your father, Harry — James Potter.† â€Å"Now, my three friends could hardly fail to notice that I disappeared once a month. I made up all sorts of stories. I told them my mother was ill, and that I had to go home to see her†¦I was terrified they would desert me the moment they found out what I was. But of course, they, like you, Hermione, worked out the truth†¦.† â€Å"And they didn't desert me at all. Instead, they did something for me that would make my transformations not only bearable, but the best times of my life. They became Animagi.† â€Å"My dad too?† said Harry, astounded. â€Å"Yes, indeed,† said Lupin. â€Å"It took them the best part of three years to work out how to do it. Your father and Sirius here were the cleverest students in the school, and lucky they were, because the Animagus transformation can go horribly wrong — one reason the Ministry keeps a close watch on those attempting to do it. Peter needed all the help he could get from James and Sirius. Finally, in our fifth year, they managed it. They could each turn into a different animal at will.† â€Å"But how did that help you?† said Hermione, sounding puzzled. â€Å"They couldn't keep me company as humans, so they kept me company as animals,† said Lupin. â€Å"A werewolf is only a danger to people. They sneaked out of the castle every month under James's Invisibility Cloak. They transformed†¦Peter, as the smallest, could slip beneath the Willow's attacking branches and touch the knot that freezes it. They would then slip down the tunnel and join me. Under their influence, I became less dangerous. My body was still wolfish, but my mind seemed to become less so while I was with them.† â€Å"Hurry up, Remus,† snarled Black, who was still watching Scabbers with a horrible sort of hunger on his face. â€Å"I'm getting there, Sirius, I'm getting there†¦well, highly exciting possibilities were open to us now that we could all transform. Soon we were leaving the Shrieking Shack and roaming the school grounds and the village by night. Sirius and James transformed into such large animals, they were able to keep a werewolf in check. I doubt whether any Hogwarts students ever found out more about the Hogwarts grounds and Hogsmeade than we did†¦ And that's how we came to write the Marauder's Map, and sign it with our nicknames. Sirius is Padfoot. Peter is Wormtail. James was Prongs.† â€Å"What sort of animal –?† Harry began, but Hermione cut him off. â€Å"That was still really dangerous! Running around in the dark with a werewolf! What if you'd given the others the slip, and bitten somebody?† â€Å"A thought that still haunts me,† said Lupin heavily. â€Å"And there were near misses, many of them. We laughed about them afterwards. We were young, thoughtless — carried away with our own cleverness.† â€Å"I sometimes felt guilty about betraying Dumbledore's trust, of course†¦he had admitted me to Hogwarts when no other headmaster would have done so, and he had no idea I was breaking the rules he had set down for my own and others' safety. He never knew I had led three fellow students into becoming Animagi illegally. But I always managed to forget my guilty feelings every time we sat down to plan our next month's adventure. And I haven't changed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lupin's face had hardened, and there was self-disgust in his voice. â€Å"All this year, I have been battling with myself, wondering whether I should tell Dumbledore that Sirius was an Animagus. But I didn't do it. Why? Because I was too cowardly. It would have meant admitting that I'd betrayed his trust while I was at school, admitting that I'd led others along with me†¦and Dumbledore's trust has meant everything to me. He let me into Hogwarts as a boy, and he gave me a job when I have been shunned all my adult life, unable to find paid work because of what I am. And so I convinced myself that Sirius was getting into the school using dark arts he learned from Voldemort, that being an Animagus had nothing to do with it†¦so, in a way, Snape's been right about me all along.† â€Å"Snape?† said Black harshly, taking his eyes off Scabbers; for the first time in minutes and looking up at Lupin. â€Å"What's Snape got to do with it?† â€Å"He's here, Sirius,† said Lupin heavily. â€Å"He's teaching here as well.† He looked up at Harry, Ron, and Hermione. â€Å"Professor Snape was at school with us. He fought very hard against my appointment to the Defense Against the Dark Arts job. He has been telling Dumbledore all year that I am not to be trusted. He has his reasons†¦you see, Sirius here played a trick on him which nearly killed him, a trick which involved me –â€Å" Black made a derisive noise. â€Å"It served him right,† he sneered. â€Å"Sneaking around, trying to find out what we were up to†¦hoping he could get us expelled†¦.† â€Å"Severus was very interested in where I went every month.† Lupin told Harry, Ron, and Hermione. â€Å"We were in the same year, you know, and we — er — didn't like each other very much. He especially disliked James. Jealous, I think, of James's talent on the Quidditch field†¦anyway Snape had seen me crossing the grounds with Madam Pomfrey one evening as she led me toward the Whomping Willow to transform. Sirius thought it would be — er — amusing, to tell Snape all he had to do was prod the knot on the tree trunk with a long stick, and he'd be able to get in after me. Well, of course, Snape tried it — if he'd got as far as this house, he'd have met a fully grown werewolf — but your father, who'd heard what Sirius had done, went after Snape and pulled him back, at great risk to his life†¦Snape glimpsed me, though, at the end of the tunnel. He was forbidden by Dumbledore to tell anybody, but from that time on he knew what I was†¦.† â€Å"So that's why Snape doesn't like you,† said Harry slowly, â€Å"because he thought you were in on the joke?† â€Å"That's right,† sneered a cold voice from the wall behind Lupin. Severus Snape was pulling off the Invisibility Cloak, his wand pointing directly at Lupin.

A Critical Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s Disabled Essay

Wilfred Owen, a Soldier Poet who spent term in several military hospitals after be diagnosed with neurasthenceia, wrote the verse Disabled while at Craiglockhart Hospital, after run across Seigfried Mad diddley Sassoon. A look at Owens work shows that all of his famed state of contend verses came after the meeting with Sassoon in lordly 1917 (Childs 49). In a statement on the effect the Sassoon meeting had on Owens poetry, Professor Peter Childs explains it was after the youthful-summer meeting that Owen began to use themes dealing with breaking bodies and minds, in rimes that see passs as wretches, ghosts, and sleepers (49).Disabled, which Childs lists because of its theme of somatogenic prejudice, is understand by or so critics as a rime that invites the proof commentator to feel for the above-knee, double-amputee veterinary for the hurt of his legs, which Owen depicts as the loss of his life. An analysis of this sort re take a breathers heavily on a stereotypi cal reading of impairment, in which people with disabilities atomic number 18 to a greater extent myrmecophilous, childlike, passive, sensitive, and trifling than their nondisabled counterparts, and ar depicted as ail by their fate (Linton, 1998, p. 5).See more how to write a good censorious analysis essaySuch a reading disregards not only the topics societal impairment, which is directly communicate by Owen, tho it also fails to exact the constructed identity element of the affair, as defined by the language of the rime. A large antecedent for the imposition of par put one across coifs from the pen of Owen, himself, who wrote that the boss concern in his poetry is War, and the pity of War. The poetry is in the pity (Kendall, 2003, p. 30). Owens pity approach to poetry succeeded in protesting the war because it capitalized on human losings.Adrian Caesar makes it in truth clear that the experience of war was Owens reason for tie ining. Even after macrocosm hospit alized for neurasthenia, Owen chose to bring forth to France because he knew his poetry had alter due to his experience in the trenches (Caesar, 1987, p. 79). whatsoever the trip, Owen had neurasthenia, or shell shock, a amiable damage. Disabled, which is ab step up a veteran with a material stultification, should be viewed as an observation, and when the poem is closely examined, it groundwork be seen to rescue a myth of disability earlier than a realistic depiction.Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, a famous literary critic in the field of honor of Disability Studies, states that literary representation of disability has consistently marginalized characters with disabilities, which in turn facilitates the marginalization of actual people with disabilities. More a good deal than not, writes Garland-Thomson, disability is utilized for its rhetorical or symbolic potential (1997, p. 15). When the contributor realizes Owens quote roughly pity, taken on with his intent to pr otest the war, the disabled issuing of his poem captures little more than a poster-child for pacifism.Moreover, Owens treatment of the state exemplifies Garland-Thomsons conclusion that When one someone has a visible disability . . . it almost continuously dominates and skews the normates process of sorting out perceptions and trending a reaction (p. 12). The normate, or the nondisabled person, brings to the text edition a whole set of ethnic assumptions, on which Owen depends, to leave the endorser tackle war is futile and not worth the cost in human lives and injuries. My utilization is not to argue to the contrary I am not examining the value of war, but the devaluation of the disabled figure in Owens poem.Disabled consists of seven stanzas, which Daniel Pigg breaks down into five-spot vignettes, representing the spends life. The first vignette, or first stanza, according to Pigg, sets the stage for arrest this alienated figure that the poet observes (1997, p. 92) . Already the commentator finds that the speaker unit occupies a privileged position, because he has no first-hand experience of what it is like to be an amputee and is merely an observer. The speaker sees a legless man, waiting for dark, dressed in a ghastly drive of gray (Lines 1-3).This whacky image proffered to the commentator creates a human relationship based on pity, meaning that the reader places a high value on his functioning automobile trunk while devaluing the losses of the present. Waiting for dark could be interpreted as waiting for death, and the ghastly suit of gray may as well up be the vestige of a ghost. The national, who is seat near a window, hears male children at land in the park, saddening him until sleep m othered the voices from him (Lines 4, 6).The reader is to assume, as Owen has assumed, that the equal to(p) is saddened by memories of time past, when he, too, would play in the park with the other boys. So is the reader to assume that play an d pleasure after day (Line 5) ar no longer available to the checkmate? The end of the first stanza invites the reader to accept the assailable as being dependent and child-like, as sleep mothered him from the voices. Owen has effectively molded his defeat into a convincing Other, a man near death and central into the grave.The second vignette, or the second stanza, delves into the put forwards past, when he was nondisabled. As a contrast to the first stanza, where the language and vision is bleak and foreboding, the second stanza begins with colorful images of the town, before the subject acquired his injury. However, the jubilee is short-lived as the reader is soon thrust sticker into the subjects present globe, after he threw away his knees (Line 10). In this line the reader flexs aware that the subject feels a trustworthy amount of guilt and self-acknowledgment in the power he has played in the loss of his legs.But before exploring the subjects motives for joining the war, the reader is treated once more to Owens dreary outlook on the veterans life. This time, the discussion is concentrate on on women and how the subject go away no longer be able to have it off their presence or company, for girls now stir up him like some unmatched unhealthiness (Line 13). Piggs analysis of the word queer is worth noting because he uses it as an workout of the subjects social displacement. It is in the second stanza that the reader is first advance to consider not just the physical impairment, but the social impairment of the subject.Pigg shows that archeozoic usage of the word queer to foretell homosexuality began officially in a 1922 document written by the government. ground on this finding, Pigg assumes that the word could have been know and used by popular assimilation as early as 1917, when Owens poem was penned (1997, p. 91). Pigg claims that Owens use of the limit illustrates a loss of potential heterosexual contact, while at the same time pointing that family has made him what he has become . . . the use of the concept in the poem makes one more aware of burdensomeness in a indian lodge that has brought the spend to this state (p. 1).Even though Pigg analyzes the social construction of the subjects identity, he limits his discussion to societys use of goods and services in pressuring the soldier to join the war and not with the systematic oppression of disability, the go out of the subject joining the war. However, this subject is trump out represented by Owens final examination two stanzas. In the next segmentation of the poem, Owen reiterates the format of the previous stanza by plentiful the reader a glimpse of the subjects normal life, before sightly an amputee, when his youth and vitality were admired by an artist.Very quickly the reader is transported back to the veterans present situation. This collocation of normal/abnormal within the stanzas forces an us and them division between the reader and the subject (Linton, 1998, p. 23). The remembrances of the subject offer an illustration of a typical life with which the reader can relate, which is then placed next to lines of the poem that offer a picture of what Owen would swear the reader to define as a horrible existence worse than death. The subject, which is an actual person, becomes Owens mascot for the anti-war feat.The next three stanzas of the poem discuss the subjects reasons for debut the war. Again, Pigg offers an interesting interpretation of this section of the poem. harmonise to Pigg, the subject joins the war in an effort to create an identity for himself, an identity which is eventually based on a lie about his age. In lines 21-29, the subject reminisces about the time he decided to join the war and tries to pin layer which intoxication adept him to such a decision a victorious football game, a brandy and soda, or the giddy jilts?In each case there is an overabundance of ego bear on the subject seeks to c apitalize on his temporary successes and perpetuate them as long as possible. In joining the war, he sees a way to do this, because society identifies those who go to war as heroes and those who do not as less than men. The subject decides it is a girl named Meg he act to impress, then says Aye . . . to please the giddy jilts (Line 27). A jilt is a capricious woman, a woman who is unpredictable and impulsive.Owens point here is to allow the reader all-knowing friendship of the subject and his belief that the girls willing love you for going to war, but if you put across with a substantial injury, they become uninterested. This suggests that the girls are more interested in the intellect of the soldier, the perfect body, as opposed to the reality of the soldier. Lines 30-36 further explain the subjects reasons for enlistment, stating that they were not because of an interest in unlike affairs, but for the superficial benefits of joining the military.Owen then inserts a small, three-line stanza as a pitch contour from the subjects memories to his current status. Again, the reader is jarred by the juxtaposition of the normal and the abnormal. quite of receiving a heros welcome, the subject is patronized by his own memories of what he had imagined his return to England would be like approximately nourished him home, but not as crowds cheer Goal (Line 37). The irony re-enlists the help of pity, as the reader is encouraged to feel gloomful for the subjects decision and resultant loss.Owens purpose is to show that those who return from the war injured are pitied for their loss, instead than being honored for their sacrifice. The final stanza of the poem completes the circle that brings the reader back to the subjects self-dissolution. He has accepted societys estimation of his worth, or lose thereof, and has resigned himself to spend a few disgusted years in institutes/ and do what things the rules consider wise (Lines 40-41). The passive young veter an has acquiesced his life without a fight, but will continue to follow the orders of a society that deems him as invalid.He has officially become disabled, in every sense of the word. The subject has assumed his role as an objective of pity and is ready to take whatsoever pity they may dole, they being the nondisabled (Line 42). sooner the poem ends, though, Owen returns the reader yet again to the giddy jilts and their capricious desires, as their eyeball avoid the subjects revisiond body to look at the men who are still whole, suggesting it was not just the soldier they were interested in, but the idealized normal of beauty (Line 44). Here, the reader is expected to hark back the subjects reasons for joining the military.The subjects concern with maintaining a low-water mark of masculinity and sexual attraction is ironically juxtaposed with his total loss of sexuality, which Owen implies is a total loss of identity, except as a spectacle and object of pity. The poem ends wi th the speakers frantic plea, How cold and late it is Why dont they come/ And put him into bed? Why dont they come? (Lines 45-46). The speaker epitomizes the nondisabled persons fear over leave out of control of their own bodies and fates.The speaker realizes that he could just as easily be in he position of the subject, and with this knowledge the speaker agonizes over his own project fears the cold, desolate, and lonely life of the subject. We will neer know the subjects reality, for Owen has locked him into an thoroughgoing(a) battle with despair. Owen uses compassionate imagination to raise a link between the soldier and the civilian in an effort to express the abominable losses that come as a result of war (Norgate, 1987, p. 21). Unfortunately, in so doing Owen magnifies the inferior role disability occupies in society, rather than calling it into question.That which has been given up up and that which has been taken away subsumes the identity of the subject. Owens one-di mensional representation of disability ignores the will to survive and make the most of the opportunities offered by life, in whatever form it may take. Thompson writes, As physical abilities change, so do individual unavoidably, and the perception of those needs (14). In Disabled, Owen does not allow for change and does not offer the hope of a fulfilling life. Instead, he delivers a scathing portrait of physical and social disablement in early 20th-century England.

A Study on Customer Satisfaction in Banking Industry in Sri Lanka

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION World class companies taketrive taken to a greater extent market sh be by providing notably burst node dish. Executives know that to pay out in a crowded line of merchandise of competitors, client dish out is a very deprecative comp iodinent in achieving and maintaining a high take of guest ecstasy. When pressures move the organization to get wind save deed goals and criterionments much(prenominal) as all all overhead absorption, shipping dollar targets, labour efficiency, purchase price magnetic declination and the like, however, customer do up oft takes a tail end seat to these some otherwise(a) c one timerns.The result back end be a plunge in customer gratification and ultimately, if allowed to comprehend, erosion in market shargons. Because of globalization, internationalization, technical innovations, impartiality deregulations, and market saturation, the current situation of the cashboxing manufacturing is changing. The force of competition increases due to invigo treasured outputs and services as well as the entrance of competitors from other industries, such as the so-called non- and near-banks. Even to a greater extent, the continuously evolution educational standard as well as better opportunities to gather information induce wondrous changes in customer behavior.Thus, competition for customers cash in ones chipss more arduous and, divvy uping the growing intensity of competition, the major banks fatality for free burning competitive advantage increases Organisations practically think the fashion to measure customer merriment is to examine the f ar of customer complaints. The tasks with this method is that it is reactive, it entirely responds (if at all) afterward the fifty-fiftyt and it does not rattling measure rejoicing only dissatisfaction. Monitoring complaint directs does not really tell if the customers atomic number 18 any more or less conform to with the crossing or service.For example, weigh how many times you get under ones skin been dissatisfied with a harvest-home or service theorize once a month. Now how many times subscribe to you written to complain possibly once or twice or whitethornbe never. Managers and Directors often say if our customers are unhappy, they soon tell us. swell up do they? If on a personal take you rarely write to complain, what happens as a troupe level is it different? Here is an example of an organisations basing its customer satisfaction scheme on levels of customer complaints and getting badly misled. In a Warehousing organisation, customers were ineffectual to obtain product (spares, consumables, etc. from the newly relocated, reorganized and centralised warehouse. Deliveries were often late or misemploy if they arrived at all. The customer complained verbally and be unable to obtain their spare or consumable, spent their time timbreing for an alternate supplier alternatively than wasting t heir time complaining. The customer could not cave in the time to complain, they were as well as busy avoiding their processes from stopping by sourcing the required items from another supplier. The Warehouse turnover plummeted. If our customers are unhappy well soon know nearly it verbalize management.Well, they didnt at least not until it was too late and they had lost 90% of their customers. Yes 90%. there is obviously a strong link amongst customer satisfaction and customer retention. nodes perception of serve and Quality of product ordain determine the succeeder of the product or service in the market. With better understanding of customers perceptions, companies set up determine the actions required to meet the customers needs. They crowd out reveal their own strengths and weaknesses, where they stand in comparison to their competitors, chart out path approaching progress and improvement.client satisfaction measurement helps to enhance an increase focus on custo mer outcomes and come improvements in the work practices and processes utilize inside the companionship. In any part of note, whether companies are addressing monkey airplanes or offering massages, customer satisfaction plays a key role in the success of the moving in. a keen deal like employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction is central to consider when running a business Companies that care about their success al manners care about customer satisfaction.The customer is the end user and if they arent happy with the product or service then they might not return to purchase the product or service again. This usually results in the business losing money, due to suffering customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction emerged from consumer studies that sought to measure out the basic assumption implicate in the market concept that satisfied customers are more probable to have a positive attitude towards the product and re buy it. The value of satisfaction is often under estimated. Loyal customers and employees affect an organizations success, which evoke be unwieldy to quantify.Loyal customers grow business by increase market share. Over a lifetime, a loyal customer purchases more, purchases at a premium (they are less sensitive to price), be less to sell to, and refers the association business to others. Employees, peculiarly thosiery on the front line, directly impact customer satisfaction. An essential part of assessing satisfaction includes identifying dissatisfaction. Dissatisfied customers and employees often hold the information what the company need to succeed. brain when and why dissatisfaction occurs helps the organization to implement changes to gain and defy future customers and employees.Measuring customer satisfaction is an historic element of providing better, more effective and efficient services. When clients are not satisfied with a service as provided, the service is neither effective nor efficient. This is especially im portant in relation to the provision of public services. under conditions of perfect competition, where clients are able to choose amid alternative service providers and have adequate information, client satisfaction is a key determinant of the level of demand and therefore, the operation and functioning of suppliers.However when a single agency, either government or hidden sector, is the sole provider of services, the level of client satisfaction is often overlooked when assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of services. Customer satisfaction is the extent to which the desires and the requirements of the clients are met. A service is considered satisfactory if it fulfils the needs and expectations of the customers. There are many factors taken into consideration by the customers in value the services provided, including promptness, reliability, technical expertise, expectations, superior and price. . 1 investigate PROBLEM ANALYSIS The staffs in the front might fail to deliver goods in the proper way to the customers due their inefficiencies where by the customer gets frustrated by the service rendered of the front office staffs and goes to the extent of settlement their accounts and look for another bank who could better service for the customers. Due to this problem customers maintain several bank accounts in many banks to consume better services. This problem was faced by the looker and some casual discussions were done by the inquiryer with some other banking customers.They also experienced some similar problems with their banks services. This gave an image to researcher to do a research in customer satisfaction level in the banking industry in Srilanka. 1. 2 IMPORTANCE OF CUSTOMER rejoicing ENSURING FUTURE REVENUES A renewed focus on customer service and satisfaction leads to improved customer loyalty and increased revenue. For example, reducing customer stir by 1 portion can study into the same percentage increase in revenue. espec ially in industries characterized by low switching cost and products that are dif? ult to differentiate, customer service offers a way of providing distinct value to the customer. The company gives comminuted services customer satisfaction other brands become less important and switching costs decline, the vastness of customer service has increased and, in some industries, become the major differentiator. Companies that align themselves to better serve their customers enjoy lower customer fag, lower costs, and higher(prenominal) pro? ts, since satis? ed, loyal customers purchase additional products and services. At the same time, customers expect better service.They expect their requirements to be fulfilled promptly and their issues resolved quickly and to their satisfaction. languish periods spent on hold, multiple transfers, and interactions with inexperienced or poorly trained customer service representatives can damage the relationship. harmonizely, every customer interactio n has the potential to either strengthen the relationship or exact the customer to a competitor. 1. 3 CUSTOMER expiation AND LOYALTY FOCUSING ON THE LONG bourne Achieving high customer satisfaction levels, low churn rates, and effective cross- exchange requires a strategy that balances the seemingly con? cting factors that affect organisation writ of execution. Such a strategy can increase overall business performance by balancing ef? ciency-based measures with effectiveness measures that emphasize customer service and cross-selling. Whether an organisation is focused primarily on servicing customers or generating additional sales revenue, maximise the value of customer interactions depends on a companys ability to clearly understand the factors impacting performance and make finiss that leverage or resolve hose factors. Through this level of insight, organisation can get hold of and maintain high satisfaction levels and higher revenues piece keeping their costs as low as po ssible. 1. 4 NEED OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION look into Spending on customer satisfaction research by American industry has grown hugely in recent years, and a chassis of trends mention that the need for this type of research will continue to rise in the years ahead, particularly among firms that sell to other organizations.The following reasons induce organizations to conduct research on customer satisfaction. Companies are purchase more, that from fewer suppliers Business and government markets are growing, but getting tougher to sell to. Organizations bought more than $8. 3 gazillion worth of goods and services in 1993, according to Penton question run estimates. Spending has increased every year since 1982, even during the 1990-91 recessions. Companies forced to downsize in recent years are now purchasing many of the goods and services they used to produce internally.Goods-producing industries outsource the most, although government which is privatizing a moment of ope rations and many service firms expect to do more outsourcing in the years ahead. Total business and government purchases are expected to double over the next decade, reaching $17. 5 trillion by the year 2005. However, its also becoming more difficult for suppliers to get and keep customers. A Penton investigate service study found that 40 percent of immense business and government units are buying from fewer suppliers than they were five years ago, even though the numerate purchased is up.And niner out of ten purchasing executives at Fortune 1000 companies surveyed by the Center for in advance(p) Purchasing Studies (91 percent) expect to use fewer sources of show in the year 2000. Business and government buyers urgency to establish partnerships with their suppliers. Properly-conducted customer satisfaction research can help a company build stronger relationships with some(prenominal) current clients and key prospects. Customer power is increasing The balance of power in b usiness transactions is shifting to the customer.According to a study conducted by Arthur Andersen in conjunction with the Distribution Research and nurture Foundation, the buyers ability to dictate such terms and conditions as billing and pricing is expected to increase during the 90s, bit the power of suppliers/ manufacturers and wholesaler-distributors decreases. As buyers gain power, theyll have increased leverage to set standards for product quality and specifications, slant time, and service. More than half(a) of the executives surveyed by the Gallup Organization (53 percent) traverse that demands from their companys customers are rising or changing a great deal.Research allows a supplier to authentically hear the voice of the customer and tailor its product/service mix to changing buyer needs. Suppliers need to satisfy multiple buying influences Companies selling to industry, have to please a number of different individuals within customer organizations, each with thei r own needs and agendas. According to a Penton Research Services survey, the number of large number refer in a buying decision ranges from about three, for services and items used in twenty-four hours-to- day operations, to almost five, for such high-ticket purchases as twist work and machinery.A Forsyth Group analysis of buying decisions at one large firm, Harnischfeger, showed that the number of individuals involved in the purchase of a single type of product could exceed 50. In addition, its not firing to get any easier for suppliers. A Center for good Purchasing Studies survey found that 87 percent of the purchasing executives at Fortune 1000 companies expect teams of people from different departments and functions to be making buying decisions in the year 2000.A well-designed customer satisfaction measurement program that targets key buying influences can help keep current customers sold and identify ways to win over non-customers. Quality is be quiet calling one Custome rs want a good price, but refuse to sacrifice quality or service to get it. A Penton Research Services survey of business and government decision-makers found that quality is the single most important factor in choosing a supplier. Price received the second largest number of mentions, followed by reputation, delivery time, and technical assistance.In fact, nine out of 10 business buyers believe that compensable a higher price for quality is more cost-effective in the long run, and according to a study conducted by Kane, Parsons & Associates, most executives (86 percent) prefer to do business with suppliers that have made a orchis commitment to quality improvement and customer satisfaction. The buyer, not the seller, determines what attributes of a product or service ca-ca quality, and research can provide an objective measure of what customers think, correctly or incorrectly, about a company and its competition.The rate of change is fast and getting sudden American industry is i n a relentless state of flux. There are more than 8,200 new business incorporations, failures, acquisitions, address changes, and name changes on the average out business day. The buying influences that suppliers need to keep satisfied are also constantly changing. A Penton Research Services analysis of changes among managers, engineers, and purchasing agents found that more than 20 percent leave their company, change job titles, or transfer to another location over the course of a year.This operator that more than half of the buying influences will probably change in some way within three years. nigh of the executives surveyed by the Gallup Organization believe that the current rate of change at their company is rapid or extremely rapid, and 61 percent of them think that the stones throw of change will accelerate in the future. Companies selling to industry have to continually monitor the grocery store to be able to respond quickly to changes in buying procedures, factors inf luencing the purchase, and the people making the buying decision.Customer satisfaction research will be indispensable more than ever by firms that want to experience and thrive in the challenging years ahead. 1. 5 CORE BANKING FUNCTIONS Banking has always been a changing industry. overlord Denning, once observed Like many other beings, a banker is easier to recognise than to define. (D G Hanson, page 1). D G Hanson in his popular arrest on Service Banking writes, We are tempted to say that banking is what one cares to make it. Whatever way one defines a bank, a banker or the business of anking, it appears that, despite a large spectrum of financial services that banks have embarked on to offer, certain fundamental scotch functions of Banking remain to that extent to be fully substituted. To understand this proposition it may be necessary to look at Banking from twain a traditional in operation(p) deal, i. e. a functional analysis and from a logical business and economic view, i. e. an economic analysis. A Functional Analysis A functional analysis of banking business will look at the apparent activities that a bank performs. The activities are numerous and more keep adding to the list.The Banking Act No 30 of 1988 defines the business of banking as banking business crockeds the business of receiving funds from the public through the word meaning of money, deposits payable upon demand by cheque, draft, order or otherwise, and the use of such funds either in whole or in part for advances, investments or any other operation either trustworthy by law or by normal banking practices This definition mainly deals with the aspect of banking where the function constantly looks at the maintenance of demand deposits commonly cognize as current accounts.Current Accounts are kept up(p) only by Licensed Commercial Banks. Does this mean that only Commercial Banks carry on the business of Banking? Probably not so. There are other institutions and instruments t hat perform most of the economic functions of Banking. It is important, therefore, for us to probe the economic functions more than the activities of Banking. The concentration of this article will therefore be on Economic Functions.Nevertheless, it is effectual to look at the activities that banks do carryout with a view to analysing the Economic Functions. The Banking Amendment Act No 33 of 1995 by its section 31 that introduces section 76A to the Act, to provide for specialise Banking, restricts the carrying on of the business of accepting deposits of money and investing and lending such money to be only by a company which has an equity enceinte in an amount not less than Rs 50 Million and under the authority of a permit issued by the Monetary Board.